The Journal provides an avenue to medical scientists for publication of original research work so as to facilitate use of research for public health action. The scope of the Journal is broad. Original research articles are invited on public health, primary health care, epidemiology, health administration, health systems, health economics, health promotion, public health nutrition, communicable and non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, occupational and environmental health, social and preventive medicine which have potential to promote evidence-based public health action. The Journal also include editorial, commentaries, perspectives, state of the art reviews, research briefs, policy and practice, reports from the field, public health classics, letters to the editor and book reviews.
Bridging Education and Emotion: Teachers' Role in Supporting Student Mental Health
Dear editor, I write to express my concern and highlight regarding the mental well-being of children and adolescence which are the key developmental phases with respect to mental health. During this phase of life, the significant role played by school teachers and their literacy levels in shaping students' mental health is remarkable. Children and adolescents acquire cognitive and social-emotional skills at this phase of life, which will help in shaping their future mental health and also for assuming adult roles in society. (1) According to Malhotra et al., the prevalence rate of mental health issues in India among children was determined to be 23.33% and 6.46% in school and community respectively. (2) World Health Organization has reported teenage as the most common age group for mental health disorders to emerge. The developmental changes in the brain during the teen phase makes them vulnerable for the development of mental health problems. Other contributing factors may be academic stress, lack of emotional support, poor nutrition, lack of physical-activity, excessive use of digital devices fluctuations in hormones, environmental influences, and social pressures. (3) A narrative review done by Anderson et al., on factors contributing to adolescent anxiety and associated mental health disorders have indicated that students' ability to learn, contribution in school activities, and their positive relationships with peers and teachers are some the factors contributing for their mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and behavioural disorders.(4) Frontline educators like teachers plays a crucial role in identifying early signs of mental health concerns among school students as they are the first point of contact.(5) Evidence shows that the quality of student-teacher relationship significantly influences students’ psychological well-being. A study by Longobardi et al., 2021found that positive teacher-student relationships are linked with reduced levels of anxiety, depression, and behavioural problems among school-aged children. (6) Without proper training or institutional support, the emotional burdens carried by both teachers and students are often neglected.
Copyright (c) 2025 malar ilango, Mohan Prem Kumar R, Lalithambigai C http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Media Use Among the Elderly: Balancing Benefits and Risks
In India, a senior citizen is any person who is sixty years of age or older(1). Excessive or compulsive obsession, cravings, or behaviors related to computer use and internet access, together with the accompanying distress or impairment, are characteristics of internet addiction. Over the past few years, as computer and internet access has increased, internet addiction has drawn more attention from researchers, physicians, and the media(2). With more than 900 million internet users and the second-largest e-market in the world after China, India boasts a sizable user base and a growing trend of internet usage. At over 50%(3), the nation's internet penetration rate still falls short of the global average. Elderly people can also benefit from social media in other ways, such as increased social connectivity, which gives them a sense of belonging by enabling them to reconnect with old acquaintances and family members and lessen feelings of loneliness and isolation. It provides cognitive stimulation through activities such as reading articles, seeing films, and participating in online discussion forums, thereby informing individuals about current events and trends, while facilitating lifelong learning and cognitive engagement. Major advantage of social media is that it helps people connecting with known and unknown people distantly which gives them sense of connected to World. This becomes more significant during illness when people are more restricted to go out and meet people so social media comes for their rescue. As more and more social media platforms are also available to people so elderly wants to spend more time on their mobile operating different sites like facebook, Instagram, twitter, linkedin etc. Irony is that physical activity and warmness in meeting people has subsided due to overuse of this harmful addiction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kajal Srivastava, Dr.hetal k rathod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A "Use of Mother Child Protection Card in Medical College Setting: Our Experience"
Background: The Mother Child Protection Card (MCP Card) is a user friendly, visual tool designed to provide concise, actionable guidance on specific tasks to the community health workers. Aim & Objective: The present study intended to use MCP card for parental empowerment as a sustainable solution for holistic child development and child safety tips in medical college. Settings and Design: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. The study population comprised children between 0-2 years of age. Methods and Material: An informed written consent was obtained from the mothers prior to inclusion in the study. Participants were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria and were administered a pre-validated semi structural proforma in vernacular language. Data collected in preformed data collection form was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using IBM Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 26. Results: The Mother and Child Protection (MCP) Card was used for parental counselling and the most common form of affectionate interaction with babies was hugging or skin-to-skin contact (33.2%), emphasizing the crucial role of physical touch in early development. 93.2% of mothers felt more confident in caring for their second baby after using the MCP card compared to their first parenting experience. This tool offers a valuable guidance and practical support, enhancing parenting skills even among experienced mothers by providing targeted knowledge and improved caregiving strategies. Conclusion: The study emphasizes that for MCP cards and HBYC job aids with structured training of frontline health workers and counselling sessions at key maternal-child contact points.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pramila Menon, Hindu; Renuka, Dr http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The "Transforming Medical Assessment: Virtual OSCEs in Community Medicine - Medical Students' Perspectives"
Abstract: Background: Virtual OSCE sessions offer significant utility as an educational tool by enhancing accessibility standardization, immediate feedback, and technology integration. Aim & Objective: To study the utility of a Virtual OSCE assessment method and to determine the students' perception of this approach. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 first-year medical undergraduates at a medical institute. Methods and Material: OSCE stations assessed blood pressure and nutritional Anaemia. Students were sensitized in small groups via a virtual platform. Clinical skills were evaluated virtually, while another station was physically assessed. A structured, validated interview and open-ended responses analyzed students' perspectives on the virtual OSCE. Analysis: Shapiro–Wilk test of normality, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, the Phi or mean square contingency coefficient. Results: Out of 150 students, 137 participated in the assessment. Among them, 82.4% found virtual OSCE teaching engaging, 80.3% found it interactive, and 87.5% felt it enhanced their interrogation and interpersonal skills. Most students not only appreciated the virtual OSCE for being interesting, innovative, and less time-consuming but also found it to be an effective tool for reducing their fear of facing teachers through immediate feedback. However, a few still preferred the traditional viva method for in-person contact. Conclusions: Virtual OSCEs are a feasible, engaging, and interactive alternative to in-person assessments, enhancing confidence, history-taking, and communication skills. Keywords: Assessment, Domains, Objective structured clinical examination, Virtual. Key message: Virtual OSCEs in Community Medicine are an innovative, effective alternative to traditional assessments, boosting student engagement, confidence, and communication skills through interactive sessions and immediate feedback.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sachin Bhaskar Palve, Suchitra Sachin Palve http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
COVID-19 vaccination status and willingness for further booster doses among staff and students of a tertiary care institute
Background Vaccination remains the mainstay of COVID-19 prevention. While initial vaccine acceptance was high among healthcare workers (HCWs), the emergence of new variants and waning immunity necessitated vaccine boosters. The study aimed to assess the COVID-19 vaccination status and willingness for further booster doses among the staff and medical students in a tertiary care institute. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among healthcare professionals (doctors, nurses, technicians), ancillary staff, and students. An online semi-structured questionnaire collected information from participants regarding sociodemographic characteristics, history of COVID-19 vaccination, acceptance and uptake of vaccine booster, and reasons for willingness to uptake booster. The Chi-square test assessed the association between sociodemographic variables and booster acceptance. Results About 302 people participated in the survey. The mean (S.D.) age of the participants was 28.9 (8.3) years and most of them were females. The majority of them had received the Covishield vaccine (71.5%). Half of them had already received a COVID-19 booster. Seven out of ten participants expressed willingness to receive further booster doses. Type of employment and department were significantly associated with participants' willingness. The perception of the COVID-19 vaccine as an immunity booster was a key motivator. About 15.1% of participants expressed a preference for a nasal booster for its convenience in administration. Conclusion The study highlights a high willingness for COVID-19 vaccine boosters among healthcare professionals and medical students. It emphasizes the importance of continuous efforts to promote vaccine boosters, given the crucial role of the medical community in shaping public perception.
Copyright (c) 2025 Meenal Madhukar Thakare, NIKITA SHARMA, Sunidhi Karol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparison of Ice Lined Refrigerators of the different types used in Western part of India under the Universal Immunization Program.
Background & Objective: The effectiveness of Ice-Lined Refrigerators (ILRs) is crucial in maintaining the cold chain for vaccines, particularly in India's Universal Immunization Program (UIP). This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the performance of top-and front-opening ILRs in Gujarat, focusing on temperature stability, holdover time, and functionality. Methods: A total of 123 ILRs from various manufacturers were assessed across urban and rural health facilities. Key parameters such as ambient temperature, breakdown frequency, ease of use, and temperature fluctuations during door openings were recorded. Mann-whitney U test/ t-test and Binary logistic regression model were used as statistical methods. Results: Analysis indicated that top-opening ILRs, which made up 72.4% of the sample, performed significantly better in maintaining temperature stability and had a longer holdover time (mean: 5.4hours) compared to front-opening ILRs (mean: 4.3hours). Temperature breaches were more frequent in top-opening models (34.8%) compared to front-opening ones (5.9%), but the front-opening ILRs exhibited a greater temperature rise during door openings. Logistic regression analysis revealed a strong association between longer holdover time and top-opening ILRs. The study also found infrastructure and training gaps at some facilities, with only 57.7% of ILRs equipped with functional temperature monitoring systems, and many health workers lacking updated training. The findings suggest that top-opening ILRs are more reliable for cold chain management, though further investigation into front-opening models is warranted. Conclusion: For future cold chain management, prioritize top-opening ILRs for their reliability, increase AMC coverage for consistent maintenance, and enhance training for personnel on ILR handling, especially with newer models. Additionally, invest in backup-power and temperature monitoring equipment to prevent temperature breaches, particularly in remote areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bhautik Modi, Krupal J Joshi, Vikas Kokare, Sanjay Singhal, Krishna Jasani, Kamlesh Parmar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Structured Counselling and Health Education in Enhancing Awareness and Self-care among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in a Tertiary Care Setting of Rajasthan, India.
Background: Control of risk factors by lifestyle and dietary modification is an essential part of Diabetes mellitus Type 2 management. The counselling of patients is needed to impart knowledge and to create awareness regarding self-care in diabetes mellitus cases. Health education using awareness material for the diabetes patients enhances selfcare and in turn results in glycemic control of diabetes mellitus. Objectives: The study was designed to assess pre- and post-effect of counselling and education material distribution in DM Type 2 patients Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 indoor diabetic patients. Pre and post-intervention evaluation was done by a questionnaire. Intervention was done in form of counselling, online and offline education material distribution. Results: There was an improvement in retention of knowledge and patient satisfaction on post-intervention evaluation. Conclusion: Distribution of online and offline education material with counselling can improve retention of knowledge and patient satisfaction. Education material distribution with counselling should be part of the health care system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Navgeet Mathur, Lalit Shrimali, Kalpesh Kerasiya, Medha Mathur, Abhijit Basu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Burden of HbA1c and RBG Levels Among Individuals Above 25 Years in the Post-COVID-19 and Pre-COVID-19 Periods: A Retrospective Analysis at a Medical College Hospital, Ramanagara, Karnataka
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted public health, including metabolic health and glycemic control. SARS-CoV-2 affects glucose metabolism through inflammation, stress, and healthcare disruptions. HbA1c, a key diabetes marker, has shown increased levels post-COVID, suggesting higher hyperglycemia burden. In India, pre-COVID data revealed 12% of women and 14% of men over 15 years had RBG >140 mg/dl, with higher rates reported during COVID due to stress, inflammation, and treatment changes like corticosteroid use. We hypothesized a 15% rise in elevated HbA1c and RBG levels post-COVID among patients over 25 years. This study compared pre- and post-COVID trends by age and gender. Methods: The study was conducted at CDSIMER Hospital, as a retrospective observational analysis of HbA1c and RBG levels in patients aged >25 years. Two periods were compared: Pre-COVID-19 (2019–2021) and Post-COVID-19 (2022–2023). Data from the Laboratory Information System (LIS) and NFHS-5 reports were analyzed. Inclusion criteria included complete HbA1c and RBG records. The estimated sample size, based on previous studies, was 10,475. Results: A total of 17,238 patients data were analysed. In the post-COVID period, 16.95% had very high levels (?160 mg%), more than doubling from NFHS-5 data. Males showed a higher prevalence (22.15%) than females (12.86%). HbA1c >6.5% was found in 64% of individuals aged >25 years. Conclusion: Alarming increase in blood glucose levels among population aged above 25 years. National Health Programmes to take justifiable action on priority.
Copyright (c) 2025 shilpashree MK, Akshitha S, Leelambika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A "Utilization and Challenges of Mobile learning (m-Learning) in Medical Education – Insights from MBBS Students
Background: The National Medical Commission’s (NMC) competency based medical education(CBME) curriculum places a strong emphasis on lifelong learning and self-directed study. Mobile learning provides the adaptability and accessibility needed to facilitate these learner centred strategies This study explores MBBS students’ Mobile learning usage patterns, perception, and challenges associated with m learning in a medical university situated in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Procedures: A pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.90 was used to collect data .400 MBBS students from all academic phases participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Convenience sampling was used. SPSS software version 22 was used for the analysis. Results :60% of respondents were female, and the majority (66.5%) were between the ages of 21 and 23. 92.5% of students were aware of m-learning apps, and 62.2% of them used them frequently throughout the day. Only 21.5% of respondents said they primarily used mobile for educational purposes, despite 88% agreeing that it had a positive impact on learning. Mobile app learning was the least popular learning method, whereas practical sessions ranked highest among preferred learning methods .Distractions (35.5%), internet dependence (21.5%), and decreased practical exposure (55.2%) were the main challenges faced by MBBS students during m learning .Conclusion: Traditional and hands-on learning approaches continue to be the most popular, despite the fact that m-Learning is well-liked by MBBS students and enhances contemporary medical education. By combining m-Learning with didactic and practical elements, a blended approach can overcome technological obstacles and maximize educational effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruchi Chaturvedi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Beliefs, Behaviors and Opinion About Blood Donation in Etawah District, Uttar Pradesh, India : A cross sectional study
Background: Aim to explore people’s attitude and action towards blood donation, can gain factors that influence donation and develop strategies to encourage more individuals to participate in life saving act Aim & Objective: To assess the beliefs, behaviors, and opinions of the public towards blood donation Settings and Design: cross-sectional study was conducted in four villages under the field practice area of the Department of Community Medicine at UPUMS, Saifai Methods and Material: Technique of random sampling was applied. Employing a semi-structured questionnaire, consist of beliefs, behvaiors and opinion data has been collected. Statistical analysis used: Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to assess associations between opinion and belifes and demographic variables, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: 87.6% of participants thought that blood donation may save lives, and majority (82.6%) thought it was an essential act. A total of 27.8% of participants were willing to give blood voluntarily, and 35.4% of participants accepted receiving blood from voluntary donors Conclusions: The participant's motivation, beliefs, and opinions toward blood donation were positive. The majority of them also thought that giving blood may save lives and that it was a significant action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anshul Kumar, Sandip Kumar, Lokesh Raheja, Adarsh Maurya, Anurag Verma, Shivani Binwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An epidemiological study of road traffic accidents among patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital
Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a significant public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income nations such as India, where they cause a large number of morbidity and mortality. Evaluate the epidemiological determinants, patterns of injury, and outcomes of healthcare -related road traffic accidents in order to determine risk factors and recommend evidence-based prevention and management strategies. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational hospital-based study was performed to analyze the epidemiological determinants, patterns of injuries, and prognosis of RTA victims. The study recruited a total of 821 admitted RTA patients from 2019 to 2020 Results: The results revealed a male predominance (91.3%) among victims, with 43.4% referred from district hospitals. Only 6.3% used helmets or seatbelts. Most accidents occurred on roads (62.7%) with mixed injuries being common (64.8%). Conclusion: The research highlights the imperative need for strict enforcement of traffic regulations, better road infrastructure, and heightened public awareness drives to prevent RTAs. Enhanced trauma care services at primary and secondary levels can also alleviate the load on tertiary care facilities. A multi-sectoral response involving urban planning, public health, legal enforcement is necessary to tackle life-threatening public health problem.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rajeev Misra, Sandeep Tiwari, Amar C Sharma, Chakori Nigam , Surendra Bharti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Health Equity in the Era of Free Trade Agreements: A Scoping Review of Mechanisms, Evidence, and Policy Options
Background: Free trade agreements (FTAs) increasingly extend beyond tariffs to include intellectual property (IP), investment protections, regulatory cooperation, and standards for labour and the environment. These provisions can reshape social determinants of health and the distribution of health outcomes. This review synthesizes how FTAs influence health equity through identifiable mechanisms and appraises the strength and direction of the evidence. Methods: We conducted a scoping review (PRISMA-ScR aligned) of peer-reviewed and credible grey literature in English from database inception to 31 December 2024 across PubMed/MEDLINE, PubMed Central, BioMed Central, and Google Scholar; we also screened key agency sites (WHO, UNITAID, APHA). We included studies assessing bilateral, regional, or “mega-regional” FTAs that reported health outcomes, equity-relevant determinants (e.g., access to medicines, nutrition environments, employment, environmental exposure), or distributional effects. Screening and extraction followed a predefined framework, with methodological appraisal appropriate to design. Synthesis was thematic, mapped to a priori pathways: (1) policy-space constraints (TRIPS-plus IP; investor–state dispute settlement, ISDS); (2) market and risk-environment shifts (food systems, alcohol/tobacco, product flows); and (3) income, employment, and environmental channels. Results: Evidence linking FTAs to restricted medicine access via TRIPS-plus provisions and to deterrent effect on public health regulation under ISDS is consistent but context-dependent. Quasi-experimental studies associate specific agreements with higher calorie availability and diet shifts and with heterogeneous changes in NCD risk, while multi-country analyses suggest some health gains via employment and environmental improvements under deeper RTAs. Post-COVID scholarship foregrounds vaccine equity and trade/IP flexibilities as critical equity levers. Overall certainty varies by mechanism and design; distributional impacts are greatest where regulatory capacity is limited. Conclusions: FTAs can both create opportunities and pose risks for health equity. Equity-concordant trade governance requires transparent negotiation, ex-ante health impact assessment, preservation of TRIPS flexibilities and public-health exceptions, narrowing or excluding ISDS, and targeted measures to mitigate distributional harms—especially in low-capacity settings. We highlight actionable options for negotiators, regulators, and public-health actors and specify priority evidence gaps.
Copyright (c) 2025 Om Prakash Bera, Venkatesh U, Deepankar Satapathy, Arshdeep Singh, Mokshada Chandge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Awareness and perception of cervical cancer among pre-primary school teachers of Dehradun: A cross-sectional study
Background: Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and its prevention includes primary, secondary, and tertiary-level activities. Health education and vaccination against HPV are the primary components of prevention and early detection through widely available screening techniques are the secondary preventative measures. Given the rising cost of treatment and also keeping in mind the barriers in our healthcare delivery systems, the disease burden of cervical cancer in India remains a public health problem. The present study highlights the knowledge, awareness & perception among pre-primary school teachers of Dehradun about cervical cancer and its vaccination. Aim & Objective: To assess awareness & perception about cervical cancer, its causes, symptoms & signs, and available specific protection & services among pre-primary female school teachers of Dehradun and to find the socio-demographic factors/situations influencing awareness & perception of study subjects. Settings and Design: Dehradun, Cross-sectional study Methods and Material: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a span of 2 months in the sampled pre-primary schools of Dehradun city among the female teachers. The tool used is a pretested semi-structured questionnaire on knowledge, attitude & practice along with socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis used: Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21, and Chi-square test was used to determine significant statistical correlation with the sociodemographic variables. Results: A total of 104 consenting female teachers from 23 sampled pre-primary schools took part in the study. Among the participants, 47% had heard about cervical cancer, 86% of them knew from the internet, approximately 80% didn’t know about the causative factors of cervical cancer and around 70% did not know the symptoms of the disease. One-fourth of the participants had heard about cervical cancer vaccination, while none of them had ever been vaccinated for the same. Only one-fifth of them knew pap smear as a screening procedure, but less than 3% of them got the test done. Chi-square test highlighted a significant p-value (< 0.05) for smoking, genital hygiene & multiple partners as risk factors and irregular menstruation & post-coital bleeding as symptoms for cervical cancer. Conclusions: The cervical cancer burden and other HPV related ailments can only be put on check by information, education and communication for the screening and prevention of the disease. In view of that even the literate, working female population of Dehradun are barely informed regarding the prevention of the disease. The study concludes the importance of awareness and health-seeking behaviour among the population about cervical cancer and its prevention.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monojit Das, Priyanka Dobhal, Debabrata Roy, Medhavi Rana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of FSH Receptor Gene Polymorphisms among infertile women and its correlation with Ovarian Reserve Markers and fertility outcomes: A Prospective Observational Study from Northern India
Background: Genetic polymorphisms in Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSHR) gene, has been implicated in modulating ovarian response to controlled ovarian stimulation in women undergoing IVF. However, their clinical relevance in infertile women undergoing ovulation induction remains unclear, especially in Indian population. Objectives: To evaluate association of FSHR gene polymorphisms Thr307Ala (rs6165) and Asn680Ser (rs6166) with ovarian reserve markers and fertility outcomes in infertile women undergoing ovulation induction cycles. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology from August 2021 to May 2025. Eighty-two infertile women and twenty-five fertile controls were enrolled as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants underwent Day2-5 hormonal assessment (AMH, FSH, LH, E2), Antral Follicle Count (AFC), and FSHR genotyping using PCR-RFLP for Thr307Ala (rs6165) and Asn680Ser (rs6166). Ovulation induction with letrozole was given for maximum four cycles. Results: No significant difference was found in distribution of FSHR genotypes or allele frequencies between infertile and fertile women. Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium except for Asn680Ser (rs6166) in controls. Ovarian reserve parameters did not significantly differ across genotypes, except for higher AMH in fertile controls with AA genotype of Thr307Ala (rs6165) (p = 0.017) and higher AFC among cases (p=0.0001). Letrozole-induced ovulation and pregnancy rates (12%) were comparable across all genotypes. Conclusion: FSHR polymorphisms Thr307Ala (rs6165) and Asn680Ser (rs6166) do not significantly influence ovarian reserve markers or clinical outcomes in infertile Indian women undergoing ovulation induction. Further studies with larger, ethnically diverse populations and controlled ovarian stimulation protocols are warranted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anupama Bahadur, Manisha Naithani, Shivashish Dobhal, Priyanka R, Gupchee Singh, Shalinee Rao, Jai Bhagwan Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Human Resource Challenges and Service Delivery in Indian Public Health Centres: A Case Study of Nagpur District
Primary Health Centres (PHCs) are pivotal in delivering healthcare services to rural populations in India. However, challenges in human resources significantly impact their efficiency. A descriptive study was conducted across 16 talukas in Nagpur district, Maharashtra, covering a population of 772,601. Data were collected using structured questionnaires focusing on infrastructure, accessibility, human resources, and patient care quality. Findings revealed substantial deficits in specialized medical staff, inconsistent availability of medicines, and limited training programs. Despite infrastructural setups, service delivery was compromised due to understaffing and inadequate resource allocation. Addressing human resource challenges is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of PHCs. Policy reforms focusing on mandatory rural postings, improved funding allocation, and enhanced training for medical personnel are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Subramaniam Iyer http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Breaking the Cycle: A Case of Child Maltreatment in a Problem Family
Child maltreatment is a masked evil with multiple social phenomena influencing it. One in four adults reported having faced any form of maltreatment during their childhood. VACS (Violence Against Children and Youth Survey) reported that 23-54 % of children disclose their incidents of maltreatment, and of them, 25 % seek any help. Social factors such as caregivers’ educational status, Socioeconomic status, past experiences, low social support, and addictions pile up to form a problem family that lags behind the standard norms of the community. Children in such problem families may face challenges in cognitive development, academics, mental health, and forming healthy peer relationships due to instability and trauma. This case describes the negligence of the family, community, and administrative side in dealing with a case of child maltreatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Beenit Kumar Jena, Dr Swosti Kiran, Dr. Reshma Asokakumar Salini, Dr. Prajna Paramita Giri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Workplace Holistic Health & Wellness: Primary care program to address lifestyle disorders
The global upsurge in lifestyle diseases, which account for 74% of global fatalities, poses a critical threat. Life style diseases including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, are increasingly burdening low and middle income countries. The aim of this article to address integration of primary healthcare with public health strategies, as advocated by the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration. This approach emphasizes community participation and equitable access to care. Adopting a holistic wellness paradigm—encompassing physical, mental, and spiritual well-being—extends beyond the traditional definitions of health. This integration fosters sustainable, community-centred health systems capable of effectively managing the Life style disease crisis. The study proposes a workplace wellness model, emphasizing its positive impact on individual and organizational productivity. Implementation of this model through sensitization, need assessment, economic productivity in terms of sound health and wellness for organisation. Similar program through Youth upliftment and awareness: journey towards optimism, strength and harmony (YUWA JOSH) among university students aims to improve academic and social performances, creating a healthier youth community. A wellness program, as a primary care strategy, addresses lifestyle diseases by promoting awareness and preventing diseases before complications arise. This approach is crucial as it links early wellness habits to long-term productivity and health resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Santosh Kumar, Anubhuti joshi , kanchan Gupta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mainstreaming Reproductive Mental Health of Women: The Unmet Need of the Hour
Background: While the existing research is limited, over recent years, there has been growing awareness to understand the mental health of women during menstruation, menopause, and postpartum. Methodology: A woman's distinct reproductive life stages adversely affect her psychological well-being, aggravated by other underlying social, economic, and cultural factors. Drawing upon the analysis of governing laws and women’s reproductive health literature. Results: The existing reproductive health law, educational, and workplace frameworks in India are inadequate for supporting the reproductive mental health of women. Conclusion: It is of critical importance to adopt a holistic approach and call for mainstreaming the reproductive mental health of women through urgent legal and healthcare reforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chaitra V http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Facilitating acquisition of critical thinking skills using jigsaw instructional method
For a successful professional career as a medical practitioner, it is vital that students must be trained in critical thinking during their period of undergraduate training. Critical thinking enables students and healthcare professionals to analyze clinical features, comprehend patient history, and prescribe specific laboratory or radiological tests to reach a correct diagnosis. The employment of the jigsaw method in theory or clinical training plays a crucial role in the acquisition of critical thinking skills by medical students. In conclusion, the employment of the jigsaw method for teaching-learning as one of the pedagogical approaches in medical training is crucial in the development of critical thinking skills. It is the need of the hour that medical teachers understand its scope and significance and utilize this approach to develop and refine critical thinking among medical students and thereby empower them for their future clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saurabh Shrivastava, Prateek Bobhate, Harshal Mendhe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence, patterns and determinants of tobacco and alcohol use among construction site workers in Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Background: The construction industry is a vast industry in India, employing millions of workers. Higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use is seen among its workers. Aims and Objectives: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence, patterns and determinants of tobacco and alcohol use among them. Methodology: A Cross-sectional study was conducted at a construction site on 401 study participants, using a pre-designed and pre-tested schedule. Socio demographic and other data about tobacco and alcohol use were taken from them. The data was analyzed by using Chi-square test of significance for testing the associations of various variables with tobacco and alcohol use. Results: Prevalence of tobacco use was 73% and alcohol was 38.4%. Age, gender, marital status and education were found to be significantly associated with both tobacco and alcohol use. Conclusion: The high prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use by the workers warrants strong measures so that they remain healthy and tobacco free.
Copyright (c) 2025 Neha Upadhyai, Kajal Gupta, Amit Mittal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychiatric morbidities among youth (11-24 years) and its association with drug abuse: A cross-sectional study from Jammu city of UT of J&K
Background: Knowledge is still scarce about mental health and psychiatric morbidities among youth with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs). Epidemiological studies indicate an association between SUDs and psychiatric morbidity. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to assess burden of psychiatric morbidities among youth and to determine their association with drug use. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among youth (11-24 years) who were attending the OPD in a tertiary care teaching hospital as a patient or an accompanying attendant to the patient. Psychiatric morbidity was measured by means of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: The results revealed that 20% of the youth were drug users. Among drug users, depression, anxiety and stress were present in 18.51% in comparison to 3.24% among non-users. Age, gender, residence, literacy levels and monthly family income were significantly associated with drug abuse (p<0.05). The medical problems commonly reported by surveyed youth included poor eye sight (42.5%), frequent headaches and dental problems (38.29%) and problem in sleeping (27.65%). Conclusion: Results of this study have revealed significant association between psychiatric morbidities and substance use. Among the psychiatric morbidities, anxiety and stress were found to be the most common among drug users.
Copyright (c) 2025 ANUJ KAPOOR, Bhavna Langer, Rajiv K Gupta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Antimicrobial Stewardship Between Medical Students and CRRIs
Purpose/Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes a significant worldwide health issue, particularly in underdeveloped nations where the abuse of antibiotics and inadequate management exacerbate resistance. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours (KAP) concerning antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) amongst undergraduate medical students at a tertiary care hospital in South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study including 518 students from various academic years was conducted from April to July 2024 via a standardised KAP questionnaire. Results: Medical students have robust knowledge of AMS principles but lag in attitude and adherence to practices of antimicrobial prescriptions. Conclusion: The disparities among AMS knowledge and practice underscore the necessity for practical training and curriculum integration to improve stewardship abilities and address AMR.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anto Clement http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Mental Health: A Comprehensive Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming mental health care by enabling scalable, personalized, and timely interventions across diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. This review explores the integration of machine learning, natural language processing, and conversational agents in mental health services between 2020 and 2025. Key applications include digital phenotyping, chatbot-assisted therapy, and clinical decision support systems, each offering new opportunities while raising concerns around equity, ethics, and transparency. Human-centred design and stakeholder engagement are emphasized to enhance usability and trust. The paper also examines ethical challenges such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, lack of clinical validation, and unclear accountability, particularly for underserved populations. Recommendations include robust regulatory frameworks, inclusive development practices, and continuous monitoring to ensure safe and effective deployment. Greater investment in open-access tools and training for clinicians is also advocated to reduce disparities and promote digital inclusion. Future directions call for the development of multimodal AI systems, cross-sector collaboration, and the establishment of field-specific ethical guidelines. While AI holds transformative potential, its success hinges on responsible implementation that complements rather than replaces-human empathy and clinical judgment in mental health care.
Copyright (c) 2025 Purushottam Giri, Ashwini Katole, Dr Anupriya Jha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reaffirming the Scientific Purpose of Medical Journals: Concerns over The Lancet’s Coverage of Indian Medical Education
We express grave concern over the Editorial "Corruption scandal engulfs Indian medical education" published in The Lancet on July 19, 2025 (1). We hold The Lancet's prestigious global reputation and historical contributions to medical science in high regard. Still, we critically question its editorial judgment and adherence to the journal's core scientific goals in publishing this article. Our criticisms arise from these five essential and interconnected issues: Essential Discrepancy with Scientific Purpose: The Lancet's stated goal, according to our understanding and the general global view, is the "promotion and dissemination of advancements in Medical Sciences." However, this article focuses on unsubstantiated criminal accusations against specific individuals (1), rather than presenting scientific research, clinical data, or medical progress. Investigative journalism, particularly on alleged corruption and legal issues, falls clearly within the domain of news organizations, not a leading scientific journal. Publishing such material blurs important disciplinary boundaries, threatens The Lancet's unique scientific credibility, and significantly diverges from the strict standards of evidence-based reporting expected from a scientific journal.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr Rishabh Kumar Rana , Krupal Joshi, Sanjay Singhal, Umesh Kapil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Towards Healthy Tribal Communities: A Comprehensive Commentary on Initiatives in India
Background:Tribal people also called as Indigenous people have diverse languages, cultures, traditional practices or rituals, and customs that distinguish them from the rest of the civic world. Although there are around 104 million tribal people in India they have remained socio-demographically and geographically distant and suffer from various health ailments from communicable diseases like Malaria Tuberculosis and malnutrition to increasing burden of Hypertension and Diabetes. The various health parameters and indicators remain below the National average. The detailed report of Expert committee on tribal health has led the way for various Government ministries and departments to work on addressing the disparity in Tribal health. Aim & Objectives: To summarize and collate all the existing measures for improving tribal health parameters Methodology: We included all the National and International policies and programs along with some examples from Non Government sectors and recent updates. Results: This article summarizes all the initiatives and efforts being undertaken in India by all the stakeholders along with updates on some recent initiatives to understand the holistic efforts towards achieving Holistic Tribal development and how medical colleges can complement these efforts. Conclusion: We collated the overall evidence for creating a comprehensive commentary on Tribal Health initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abhishek Joshi, Juhi Raut, Abhay Mudey http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0