Indian Journal of Community Health
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH
<p>The Journal provides an avenue to medical scientists for publication of original research work so as to facilitate use of research for public health action. The scope of the Journal is broad. Original research articles are invited on public health, primary health care, epidemiology, health administration, health systems, health economics, health promotion, public health nutrition, communicable and non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, occupational and environmental health, social and preventive medicine which have potential to promote evidence-based public health action. The Journal also include editorial, commentaries, perspectives, state of the art reviews, research briefs, policy and practice, reports from the field, public health classics, letters to the editor and book reviews.</p>MRI Publication Pvt. Ltd.en-USIndian Journal of Community Health0971-7587Future prediction of Population, Birth and Fertility rates in India
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2789
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: Fertility rates have been declining worldwide over the past fifty years, part of a phenomenon known as “the demographic transition”. <strong>Aims & Objectives</strong>: To draw on life history theory to examine the relationship between population density and fertility rate in India over 74 years. <strong>Material &Methods</strong>: The association between population versus Birth rate and population versus fertility rate was found using Correlation Analysis, to fit the models using Least square methods. <strong>Results</strong>: A robust association was found between population and fertility rate, population and Birth rate over the analyzed time period. Population, Birth rate, and Fertility rate for one decade were also forecasted using the best least square method. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The analysis shows that the population is on an increasing trend and the Birth rate and fertility rate have decreased tendency.</p>Nomula Chandan BabuSai Padma Aluri
Copyright (c) 2024 Sai Padma Aluri, Chandan Babu Nomula
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2024-02-292024-02-2936115315510.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.025Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on tobacco usage and dependency among adult male tobacco users in Palam area of Delhi
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2624
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: Tobacco use is a recognized risk factor for many chronic diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer and microbial infections (respiratory tract infections, bacterial meningitis), etc. <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: A community-based "One group" interventional study was conducted to see the effect of cognitive behavioural therapy in reducing tobacco usage and its dependency among all the adult males population aged 18 years and above residing in Palam area of Delhi. Data was collected using a semi-structured, self-designed interview schedule to collect information from study subjects. Fagerstrom and Modified Fagerstrom questionnaire was used to assess the subject’s nicotine dependence status. <strong>Result</strong>: The total population study was 274 out of which 105 were tobacco users. Out of 105,2 did not give consent for cognitive behaviour therapy.A total of 103 study subjects were given cognitive behavioral therapy and then followed at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months respectively, and analyzed for quitting at each follow-up. Study subjects who had quitted tobacco was 11 i.e. 10.6%. Change in Nicotine dependency was statistically significant. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Cognitive behaviour therapy is found to be a very effective tool in reducing tobacco usage as well as nicotine dependency.</p>Rajindra KumarManish Kumar GoelTanmaya Talukdar
Copyright (c) 2024 Rajindra Kumar, Manish Kumar Goel, Tanamaya Talukdar
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2024-02-292024-02-29361263210.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.006Profile of various congenital anomalies in fetus detected during antenatal period among high risk mothers by Ultrasonography at Tertiary Care Centre, South Gujarat
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2705
<p><strong>Background</strong>: With the improvement of basic maternal and child health care services, the deaths due to malnutrition and infections are on a descending trend and due to westernization and lifestyle modifications, perinatal deaths due to anomalies are in ascending trend. <strong>Aim & Objectives</strong>: The purpose of this study was to estimate the antenatal proportion of congenital anomalies, types, pattern of anomalies and factors associated with anomalies in Tertiary Care Centre, South Gujarat. <strong>Settings and Design</strong>: Cross-sectional study in Department of Fetal Medicine of New Civil Hospital, Surat. <strong>Methods and Material</strong>: Sample size was 435. First 10 consecutive high-risk ANC patients, who were referred to Fetal Medicine department from Obstetrics and Gynecology department per day were selected. Data was collected during September 2021 to February 2022. <strong>Statistical analysis used</strong>: Frequencies, proportions and tests of significance was applied for testing the association of socio-demographic variables, clinical variables etc on presence or absence of congenital anomalies. <strong>Results</strong>: Proportion of different types of congenital anomalies in high risk pregnant mother was 17.2%. There was significant association between presence of congenital anomalies with history of irregular menstruation (p value: 0.001, OR: 5.19, [CI: 1.76-15.27]) and inadequate amniotic fluid (p value: 0.00, OR: 14.5[CI: 7.23-29.06]). Among total detected anomalies in Ultrasonography scanning, most common anomalies were Cardio-vascular system anomalies (36.4%) and Central Nervous System anomalies (24%). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Congenital anomalies were present in about 17 % of high risk antenatal mothers.</p>Utsavi DesaiHiteshri PatelMohamed Anas Mohamed Faruk PatniJ K Kosambiya
Copyright (c) 2024 Hiteshri Patel, Utsavi Desai, Mohamed Anas Mohamed Faruk, J K Kosambiya
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2024-02-292024-02-29361333910.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.007Effect of community based intervention on childhood pneumonia and its risk factors in slums of Dibrugarh, Assam
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2654
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Pneumonia, one leading cause of mortality in children. Preventing pneumonia related deaths is an urgent priority to meet sustainable development goals. Settings and Design: Community based cross sectional study in two registered slums Chandmarighat and Graham bazar in Dibrugarh, Assam. <strong>Methods and Material</strong>: 2 out of 10 registered slums were chosen and a baseline cross sectional study was done to list out the risk factors. Based on the risk factors, community based intervention was done by capacity building of frontline workers and monitoring and suportive supervision in one while only monitoring was done in non intervention slum. Taking 95% confidence interval for two tail distribution, the sample size in each of the slums was 300. <strong>Statistical analysis</strong>: done by using SPSS 20, rates, ratios, proportions, univariate and multivariate analysis. <strong>Results</strong>: Prevalence of pneumonia was significantly low (9.33% vs 16.33%) in intervention and non-intervention area (p<0.001). Univariate analysis reported that initiation of complementary feeding before 6 months and indoor air pollution were associated with pneumonia in intervened area(p<0.001). Multivariate analysis was done and type of family, complementary feeding before 6 months and indoor air pollution were associated with pneumonia in intervened area. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Community based interventions targeting the established risk factors found effective in reducing the childhood pneumonia.</p>Nabanita NirmoliaTulika Goswami MahantaSailen Roy
Copyright (c) 2024 Nabanita Nirmolia, Tulika Goswami Mahanta, Sailen Roy
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2024-02-292024-02-29361404610.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.008Predictors of menstrual health management among the high school adolescent girls
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2630
<p class="Para"><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescence (10-19 years) is an essential human developmental stage, during which physical, sexual, psychological, and social development occurs <strong>Objectives: </strong>To estimate the knowledge and attitude regarding menstruation health as well as its determinants among school going adolescent girls. <strong>Methods: </strong>A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted among school going adolescent girls. In addition to descriptive analysis, bi-variate analysis was also done to find out the association between various predictors of knowledge and attitudes of the study population. <strong>Results: </strong>Majority of the adolescent girls preferred mother (75.6%) as a source of information regarding puberty related issue with 86.2% of them using health related sanitary pad as one of the methods for menstrual hygiene. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Proper menstrual hygiene practices which could be imparted through appropriate interventions at earlier stages of life can prevent the girls and women from suffering reproductive morbidities.</p>Ekta DograSuresh KumarNamrata GuleriEkta Sharma
Copyright (c) 2024 Ekta Dogra, Suresh Kumar, Namrata Guleri, Ekta Sharma
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2024-02-292024-02-29361475110.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.009Effect of sleep on blood pressure among adults of urban slums: A Cross sectional study
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2634
<p class="Para"><strong>Introduction</strong>: Hypertension, the “Silent, Invisible killer” - is a modern day’s universal epidemic. The adult populations in slum area are more vulnerable for hypertension as they are so busy in the fulfilment of even day to day basic needs and care, family commitments and economic stress. <strong>Aim and objectives</strong>: To estimate the prevalence of hypertension among the adults (25-44 years) and to study the effect of sleep on blood pressure levels. <strong>Methodology</strong>: The present cross-sectional study was carried among adults aged between 25 to 44 years residing in the slums of Meerut District. 30 Cluster Sampling technique was used. The slum was selected as a cluster unit. During the visit by house-to-house survey, members of the family were listed and eligible person were interviewed and examined. Data collected on a structured and pretested questionnaire. <strong>Results</strong>: Prevalence of hypertension among those who had sleep duration of >8 hours per day was 44.8% followed by 20.1% and 17.5% among those who had 7-8 hours and less than 7 hours of sleep time respectively. It was found that 24.2% monophasic sleep pattern follower were hypertensives while the prevalence was 19.4% in biphasic pattern. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Majority (55.4%) had a sleep duration between 7-8 hours, followed by 33.9% and 10.7% with <7 hours and >8 hours of sleep time respectively. Majority (61.3%) of the study population were having monophasic sleep pattern, while 36.3% were biphasic and 2.4% were multiphasic.</p>Saurabh VermaArun KumarNeelam GautamChhaya Mittal
Copyright (c) 2024 Saurabh Verma, Arun Kumar, Neelam Gautam, Chhaya Mittal
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2024-02-292024-02-29361525510.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.010Impact Assessment of Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation with and Without Intensive Health Education in Pregnant Women of Rural Area of District Etawah: An Interventional Study
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2692
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: Low birth weight , post-partum haemorrhage still births and maternal deaths are associated with anaemia in pregnancy. If prevalence of anemia will be reduced then there will be improvement in maternal and child health and its outcome. <strong>Aim & Objectives</strong>: To evaluate the changes in the hematological profile of the study subjects and to determine the impact of intensive health education intervention on anemia status of pregnant women. <strong>Methodology</strong>: A Community based interventional study was conducted among 200 Pregnant women of selected villages in rural area of Etawah district (100 women in each interventional and non-interventional group) using a self-developed, pre designed, pretested, structured and validated questionnaire. statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyse the data. <strong>Result</strong>: After health education intervention there is significant increase in the haematological profile of study participants of interventional group (p<0.05) as before intervention values of mean Hb was 10.58±1.79 gm/dl which became 11.72±1.48 gm/dl There were 34 (73.9%) participants in the interventional group that were originally anaemic before the study, but after the intervention, they became non-anaemic. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Health education sessions helped the pregnant women to improve their knowledge regarding anemia in pregnancy, as well as improve their ability to select iron rich foods, increase compliance with iron supplementation, and raise their haemoglobin levels.</p>Gaurav KumarVidya RaniNaresh Pal SinghSushil Kumar ShuklaAjai KumarDolly Goswami
Copyright (c) 2024 Gaurav Kumar, Vidya Rani, Naresh Pal Singh, Sushil Kumar Shukla, Ajai Kumar, Dolly Goswami
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2024-02-292024-02-29361566110.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.011Nutrition related practices of mothers of under-five children
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2699
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Childhood nutrition; a term which rings the bell in everyone’s mind especially the mothers of a child. Good nutrition for a child is a fact that cannot be denied for a healthier growth of a child. Individual families or communities have their own practices and belief and their own choices regarding their dietary practices. <strong>Aims & Objectives:</strong> The objectives of the study were to assess the nutritional knowledge of mothers of under-five children, assess the nutrition related practices of mothers of under-five children and develop multicomponent program for mothers of malnourished children. <strong>Methods & Material:</strong> An exploratory survey was carried out among 146 mothers of malnourished children. The instruments used were socio-demographic profile, knowledge questionnaire on Nutrition of children and structured questionnaire on Nutrition related practices of mothers. <strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that 129 (88.3%) mothers had average knowledge. About 71 (48.6%) mothers had moderately adequate practices and 51 (35%) had inadequate practices regarding nutrition for children. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Mothers knowledge and dietary practices they adopt for their child has an invariable effect on their nutritional status.</p>Pratiti HaldarLekha Viswanath Ashok Kumar Srivastava
Copyright (c) 2024 Pratiti Haldar, Lekha Viswanath , Ashok K Srivastava
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2024-02-292024-02-29361626710.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.012Knowledge, attitude and practise regarding Mosquito borne diseases in urban and rural areas of Maval, Western Maharashtra
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2745
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: Mosquito-borne diseases, have always been a serious health concern in South East Asian countries, particularly India. Maharashtra was reported as one of the highly endemic areas in India and recorded the second-highest number of deaths due to Dengue. The comprehensive management of mosquito-borne diseases hinges not solely on the efforts of health authorities but also on the community's understanding, mindset, and proactive approach in pursuing timely treatment. <strong>Aim & Objective</strong>: To assess and compare knowledge, attitude and practices of people residing in both the strata regarding Mosquito borne diseases. <strong>Methods and Material</strong>: A comparative analysis was undertaken in the Maval region, encompassing both rural and urban settings, through a cross-sectional study. Taluka. A sample size of 250 houses—125 houses in each stratum were surveyed. Data collection involved interviews with head of family or next available person. <strong>Statistical analysis used</strong>: Microsoft excel was used for chi quare and z value. <strong>Results</strong>: Awareness regarding Mosquito borne disease was 87.2% in urban population and 73.6% in rural population. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: There are gaps in understanding the timing of Mosquito bites and the identification of breeding sites. This underscores the need for improved knowledge and awareness, with focus on Mosquito control measures to effectively combat these diseases.</p>Farhat Abu KhotAastha Narayan PandeySwati Sanjeev RajeVishwambhar Kozdev KumreAfzal Shakil MemonRhea Sushil Muthiyan
Copyright (c) 2024 Farhat Khot, Aastha Pandey, Swati Raje, Vishwambhar Kumre, Afzal Memon, Rhea Muthiyan
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2024-02-292024-02-29361687210.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.013Perception about Community Medicine as a subject and career preference among undergraduate students
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2667
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: In the pursuit of cultivating primary physicians, the Department of Community Medicine (CM) emphasizes value-based education for undergraduates, aiming to shape the foundation of a first-contact doctor. Despite this, only a minority ultimately selects CM as their specialty. Aim & Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate how undergraduates perceive CM as both a subject and a career choice. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the factors influencing students' decisions to either choose or not choose CM as a career path. <strong>Methods and Material</strong>: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among medical college undergraduates, utilizing a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire with a Likert scale through Google Forms, ensuring informed consent. <strong>Results</strong>: Among 411 students, 259 participated, with a mean age of 21.23 ± 1.39 years. While participants generally held a positive perception of CM, only 1.1% considered it as a career choice. Top reasons against opting CM were "unpopularity compared to clinical subjects," "lack of clinical exposure," and "insufficient information on future prospects." <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Students recognize the significance of CM and possess a positive opinion, yet there exists reluctance in choosing it as a career.</p>Pratiksha Rameshbhai PadhiyarPratik Kishorbhai JasaniKishor Mansukhbhai Sochaliya
Copyright (c) 2024 Pratiksha Padhiyar, Pratik Jasani, Kishor Sochaliya
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2024-02-292024-02-29361737810.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.014Influence of feeding practices on Childhood illness
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2622
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: The phase between a child's birth and the age of two years is crucial for ensuring the child’s growth and development through optimal feeding habits. Breastfeeding is considered one of the most effective methods for ensuring the health and survival of children. <strong>Aim & Objective:</strong> This study aims to access the influence of feeding practices on childhood illness. <strong>Methodology</strong>: A cross-sectional study was done among 280 mothers having children less than 2 years of age attending primary health centres adopted by the Department of Community Medicine JSS medical college, Mysuru. Data regarding feeding practices and childhood illnesses were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire prepared based in Infant and Young Child Feeding guidelines by interviewing the mothers. <strong>Result</strong>: Among the study population, 75.4% of children in urban and 75.7% of children in rural suffered from childhood illness. It was observed that childhood illness was more common among children with poor feeding practices (75.7% in rural and 93.5% in urban) and the association was found to be statistically significant. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The study sheds light on the importance of appropriate feeding practices, which have a higher influence on a child's health.</p>Nagendra LokeshPraveen KulkarniSayana BasheerPragadesh RajaramVanmathi AnbuSunil Kumar Doddaiah
Copyright (c) 2024 Nagendra L, Praveen Kulkarni, Dr Sayana Basheer, Dr Pragadesh R, Dr Vanmathi A, Dr Sunil Kumar D
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2024-02-292024-02-29361798510.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.015Correlation between perceived social support and quality of sleep and its effect on the academic performance of undergraduate medical students: A cross-sectional study
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2698
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: Social support can be explained as the availability or existence of people who make us feel loved, cared for and valued, people on whom we can rely. Apart from physical health, social networking and interaction uplift mental health, well-being, and academic performance of individuals. Sleep has been associated with achievements in academic indicators of a person, as its deficit causes a lack of attention and concentration. <strong>Methods</strong>: A survey was designed to conduct cross-sectional study among the undergraduate medical students. The validated 12 item multidimensional scale of perceived social support and 19 self -rated questions of Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used for assessing the social support and sleep quality among the students and how it affected their academic performance. Data was collected in google forms and coded & cleaned and then exported for statistical analysis, to SPSS version 20. <strong>Results</strong>: Of the total 385 undergraduate medical students, majority were female respondent and from 2nd Professional. Most of the students scored between 60-69% in their university exam. Majority of the student has poor sleep quality. The academic performance has statistically significant association with perceived social support while age of the student was significantly associated with poor quality of sleep. A negative correlation was noted between perceived social support and sleep quality. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study has highlighted the negative impact of a lack of perceived social support on the sleep quality of medical students. Results also showed evidence of an overall poor quality of sleep in the medical students.</p>Pranita KhulbeJanki Bartwal
Copyright (c) 2024 Pranita Khulbe, Janki Bartwal
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2024-02-292024-02-29361869410.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.016Awareness about Community Management of Hyperglycemia during Pregnancy among Medical Undergraduates in Western Uttarakhand
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2638
<p><strong>Background</strong>: All women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy (HIP) require optimal care. With western Uttarakhand alone recording a HIP prevalence of 9.7%, the successful implementation of HIP guidelines pan-India at primary healthcare level becomes paramount. <strong>Aim and objective</strong>: The present cross-sectional study aimed to assess the baseline awareness of medical undergraduates regarding HIP management protocols assuming higher their knowledge better the successful implementation of these guidelines within the community. <strong>Methodology</strong>: A descriptive study was carried out among 309 medical undergraduates at a private teaching institute in Uttarakhand. Data was collected using a self-administered, pre-tested questionnaire. Based on individual knowledge scores, participants were subdivided into: good (score?24), moderate (score 12-24), and poor (score<12) knowledge categories. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. <strong>Results</strong>: Most subjects (92.2%) reported reading Indian textbooks on obstetrics; despite this, only 3.6% of subjects had good awareness of the protocols. Sub-domain analysis showed while 90.0% of respondents had a fair understanding of the disease basics, more than two-thirds lagged in recollecting its standard diagnostic and management protocols including the role of health workers. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Most medical undergraduates have overall poor-to-moderate awareness of HIP management especially the diagnostic and management protocols including the role of health workers.</p>Surabhi MishraNeha SharmaAbhay SrivastavaJayanti SemwalAnamika JoshiKezia Gupta
Copyright (c) 2024 Surabhi Mishra, Neha Sharma, Abhay Srivastava, Jayanti Semwal, Anamika Joshi, Kezia Gupta
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2024-02-292024-02-293619510610.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.017A perspective on how to improve the quality of life of elderly people living in rural areas
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2636
<p class="Para"><strong>Introduction:</strong> We are going to witness the demographic shift with the predictable trends of population ageing and thus need to understand healthy ageing. This study was aimed to understand factors that influence the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly. <strong>Methods:</strong> This was a qualitative study conducted in 4 selected villages including males and females of age group > 60 years of age. 20 elderly individuals and 10 elderly individuals were chosen for a free listing and pile sorting exercise respectively. Smith's index was calculated for a free listing. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were conducted to do pile sorting of data. Data were analyzed using Flame v1.2 and Anthropac. <strong>Result:</strong> During free-listing, 54 salient items were identified. Financial stability, healthy living, self-sufficiency, and work engagement were the most frequent responses that came from the study subjects. 25 salient items that were repeated in the free-listing exercise were included for the pile-sorting. The piles generated ranged from 3-12. Later, 25 perceived items (factors) for improving quality of life were clustered into 5 groups (Role of harmonious family, healthy ageing, daily schedule activity, leisure time and external support). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The elderly recognized that a harmonious family, healthy ageing, daily schedule with leisure activity, and Government support can all improve their quality of life.</p>Ruchita Ramesh KhandreAbhishek RautSubodh Gupta
Copyright (c) 2024 Ruchita Ramesh Khandre, Abhishek Raut, Subodh Gupta
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2024-02-292024-02-2936110711310.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.018A cross sectional study to assess anemia & its determinants among pregnant women in a rural area of Maharashtra
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2846
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: In India, anaemia prevalence is more than 40% so it is a severe public health problem. National Family Health Survey V indicates that prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women in Maharashtra’s rural areas is 46.5%. As the pregnant women have high prevalence of anaemia, it highlights the need to conduct research to find out the determinants and its preventive measures. <strong>Aim</strong>: To determine prevalence of anaemia and to assess its determinants amongst pregnant women in a rural area <strong>Methods</strong>: Three eighty-four pregnant women in a rural area of Thane district were selected for a community based descriptive cross-sectional study. Association between anaemia and variables in the study was established using Pearson‘s Chi- square test. For studying association between anaemia as dependent variable and various determinants as independent variables, binary logistic regression analysis was used. <strong>Results</strong>: Prevalence of anaemia was found to be 62.5%. 29.2% participants were mildly anaemic, 33.0% were moderately anaemic, 0.3% were severely anaemic and 37.5% were non-anaemic. Occurrence of anaemia was significantly associated with age, religion, gravida status, trimester, gestational age at first ANC visit, no consumption of IFA tablets, no consumption of dark green leafy vegetables and dietary habits. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: High prevalence of anaemia amongst pregnant women reflects poor utilization of health care services, lack of awareness about adequate dietary patterns and poor nutritional status. Anaemia is still a severe public health issue amongst pregnant women of rural areas.</p>Dipali C PuriMilind M RasalPurushottam A Giri
Copyright (c) 2024 Dipali Puri, Milind Rasal, Purushottam Giri
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2024-02-292024-02-2936111412010.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.019Feasibility of Community Needs Assessment Tools as an Alternative For Health Survey in Describing Health Profile of A Community - A Mixed Method Study In Muddungere, Karnataka, India
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2746
<p><strong>Introduction</strong>: In India, even with planned health services, it is difficult to reach the health goals without community participation. While Community needs assessment approach (CNAA) tools like Focussed group Discussion (FGD), Village mapping and matrix ranking have been effective in quickly gathering information, surveys have been conventionally preferred. <strong>Aim & Objective</strong>: The present study compares qualitative and quantitative methods to understand feasibility of using CNAA tools in place of survey as an alternative tool <strong>Methodology</strong>: Mixed Method research employing Survey and CNAA methods of FGD, Village Mapping, transect walk and Matrix ranking score was carried out as a part of academic activity of National Service Scheme(NSS). Data was represented in form of percentages and frequency tables. Association was measured using Chi Square using Epi Info TM version 7.2.1software. <strong>Results</strong>: Using quantitative survey, we found that 71% used piped supply and 93.1% of the households used toilets. But 6.9% of them still preferred open fields for defecation. Amongst the participants of FGD, it was found that 90% participants preferred going to government hospitals. Comparable data found for variables like Maternal and child health indicators, Sanitation practices and burden of Non communicable diseases. Partially comparable results were found for burden of communicable diseases. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: CNAA research tools demonstrated comparability with survey in most areas of health concern and reduced the time required for conducting research without compromising the quality of results</p>Siddalingappa HArchana MandalChandan N GChaitra GHarish B R
Copyright (c) 2024 Hugara Siddalingappa, Archana Mandal, Chandan N G, Chaitra G, Harish B R
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2024-02-292024-02-2936112112910.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.020Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Dietary habits and Physical activity in Undergraduate medical students of district Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2681
<p class="Para"><strong>Background</strong>: The resurgence of interest in the intricate relationship between nutrition and health reflects the escalating burden of lifestyle diseases on the healthcare system. The imperative for medical students to embody a healthy lifestyle is underscored by their pivotal role as future advocates of health promotion. <strong>Aims & Objectives</strong>: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary habits and physical activity among undergraduate medical students of district Etawah of Uttar Pradesh. <strong>Material and Method</strong>: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah and 153 study subjects were recruited using the purposive sampling method. All the first-year undergraduate medical students who had given consent to participate were included in the study. <strong>Results: </strong>Approximately half of the participants were able to identify healthy foods, with 84.4 percent recognizing the hypertensive risks associated with excessive salt intake. The majority exhibited positive attitudes, such as the importance of daily water consumption (85.7%), awareness that sweet foods/drinks could be detrimental to health (79.8%), and the acknowledgment that fast foods have adverse health effects (70.1%). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: While a substantial majority of medical students showcased awareness regarding the significance of a healthful diet and regular exercise, the translation of this knowledge into consistent practices warrants attention.</p>Pradip Kumar Mohit MishraSandip KumarKirti JaiswalPrashant Kumar BajpaiPankaj Kumar Jain
Copyright (c) 2024 Pradeep Kumar , Mohit Mishra, Sandip Kumar, Kirti Jaiswal, PK Bajpai, PK Jain
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2024-02-292024-02-2936113013610.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.021Perceptions of Medical Students on Research Curriculum: A Cross-sectional Study
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2573
<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medical colleges promote research by incorporating it into the curriculum, which enables students to acknowledge it as a career prospect. The aim of the study was to assess the perceptions of medical students on research curriculum. <strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted among 544 medical students (interns and post-graduates) at AIIMS Rishikesh in 2020. Data was collected thorough online self-administered questionnaire. A comparison between groups was made using the Mann-Whitney test or chi-square test p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of 544 participants, 218 (40.1%) responded with complete data. The total median score for the self-perceived ability of study participants regarding performing the research tasks differed significantly between interns and post-graduates [29.5 (24.0–34.2) vs 33 (25.2–39.7), p = 0.03]. They suggested that mandatory research projects, workshops, and training should be included in the curriculum. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Feedback from medical students regarding the need for guided research projects, hands-on training, and inclusion of research methodology as a course in UG curriculum and provision of support in the form of incentives, academic credits, and motivation are well noted and guide the resource faculties to modify their teaching and student support programs.</p>Ajeet Singh BhadoriaShreya AgarwalAprajita MehtaRakesh SharmaSmita SinhaMohit BhatiaBhavna GuptaLokesh Kumar SainiBela GoyalShazia HasanGita NegiPuneet Dhar
Copyright (c) 2024 Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Shreya Agarwal, Aprajita Mehta, Dr Rakesh Sharma, Smita Sinha, Mohit Bhatia, Bhavna Gupta, Lokesh Kumar Saini, Bela Goyal, Shazia Hasan, Gita Negi, Puneet Dhar
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2024-02-292024-02-2936113714410.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.022Burden of overweight and obesity among children studying in schools of Western Rajasthan
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2754
<p><strong>Background</strong>: Obesity in children has become a public health concern worldwide with a significant rise in recent years. <strong>Aim & Objective</strong>: This study aimed to estimate the occurrence of overweight and obesity in adolescents studying in school and to determine the risk factors for obesity as well as overweight in this population. <strong>Settings and Design</strong>: This cross-sectional research was carried out among adolescent children of age group 12-15 years from Jodhpur's rural and urban schools. <strong>Methods and Material: </strong>The present study included 1864 school children. A well-structured questionnaire was used to gather data, and the researchers measured weight and height with the help of calibrated tools. Index for Body Mass (BMI) and Z-scores were calculated, and the World Health Organization (WHO) standardized gender-specific growth chart was used to classify children as being overweight and obese. <strong>Statistical analysis used</strong>: The statistical evaluation was conducted utilising SPSS version 23.0. Chi-square analyses were applied to analyse the relationship of independent variables with overweight/obesity status. Variables showing statistical significance at a 5% level were further analysed using multiple logistic regression. <strong>Results:</strong> It was discovered that the rate of overweight and obesity among Jodhpur schoolchildren was 23.2%, with 22.9% classified as overweight and 0.3% as obese. The analysis revealed that children attending urban and public schools exhibited higher rates of obesity and overweight compared to those in rural and private schools. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study highlights a considerable burden of overweight among children enrolled in schools of Jodhpur, warranting the implementation of sustainable intervention aimed at encouraging physical exercise and a balanced diet.</p>Rashmi KaushalJagdish Prasad GoyalAkhil Dhanesh GoelMamta PatelPankaj Bhardwaj
Copyright (c) 2024 Rashmi Kaushal, Jagdish Prasad Goyal, Akhil Dhanesh Goel, Mamta Patel, Pankaj Bhardwaj
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2024-02-292024-02-2936114514810.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.023Promotion and strategies of menstrual cup use among healthcare providers: A primer towards a sustainable solution for menstrual health and hygiene management in India
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2680
<p class="Para">Menstrual cups are considered a sustainable solution for menstrual health and hygiene management, as they are cost-effective, environment-friendly, reusable and offer health benefits over traditional menstrual hygiene products such as pads and tampons. However, in lower middle income countries (LMICs), menstrual cup use is limited. Recently, India's current menstrual hygiene program has included menstrual cups as an option for menstrual health and hygiene management. However, the menstrual cup has not been promoted widely in the Indian context. Even if the use of menstrual cups among female healthcare providers in India is minimal, the manuscript identified the crucial challenges in menstrual health and hygiene management, the role of menstrual cups as a solution and the essential strategies to increase menstrual cup use. Programmatic success requires endorsement from healthcare providers as they are trusted sources of information related to healthcare. Good experiences and leading examples from healthcare providers about using menstrual cups is a welcoming step in the path of the dream of a "pad-free country" for India.</p>Surama Manjari Behera Venkatarao EpariPriyamadhaba BeheraBinod Kumar Patro
Copyright (c) 2024 Surama Manjari Behera , Venkatarao Epari, Priyamadhaba Behera, Binod Kumar Patro
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2024-02-292024-02-29361071110.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.003Exploring the Relationship between Environmental Cognition, Pro-Environmental Behavior, and Mental Health among Adolescents: A Narrative Review
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2697
<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Adolescents’ cognition, behavior, and attitudes are essential for environmental conservation; hence, the physical environment is inevitable in their mental health. The environment can influence adolescents’ sense of support, freedom, and the stimulation they seek in life. Environmental factors such as pollution, weather, lifestyle changes, and working conditions significantly influence adolescents' mental health. Knowing and learning about environmental cognition and its influence on adolescents is vital. <strong>Objective:</strong> To understand the relationship between environmental cognition, pro-environmental behavior, and mental health among adolescents with the help of a narrative approach. <strong>Methods:</strong> The present article ‘employed a narrative review.’ Research articles were taken from four databases, PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, and Science Direct, using the PRISMA procedure from 2000 to 2023. The data was collected from various databases and narrowed down for the results. <strong>Results:</strong> This study proves a strong relationship between environmental cognition, pro-environmental behavior, and adolescents' mental health. Twenty-six selected research studies out of 45 initial studies state that solid environmental cognition may lead to enhanced pro-environmental behavior, which is crucial to adolescents’ mental health and well-being. Furthermore, pro-environmental cognition wholly mediated the relationship between environmental behavior and mental well-being. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Implications of this study concentrate on developing focused interventions, creating urban planning policies, and developing adolescent-friendly community designs, which are solid pillars for promoting mental health. Adolescents must be motivated to protect the environment to become pioneers of pro-environmental behavior.</p>Leema JacobK Jayasankara Reddy
Copyright (c) 2024 LEEMA JACOB MSMI
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2024-02-292024-02-29361122110.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.004Newer insights of H1N1: Swine Flu Virus
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2679
<p class="Para">Swine flu, caused by the H1N1 influenza virus, is a subtype of influenza A that affects both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It is primarily found in pigs and can be transmitted to humans through genetic variations in the virus. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic resulted in the deaths of 50 to 100 million individuals. In 2009, the pandemic affected 178 countries, resulting in an estimated 43 to 89 million cases and 1799 deaths. The pathophysiology of H1N1 involves inflammation of the respiratory tract, with an incubation period of 1 to 4 days and a contagious period lasting 5 to 7 days. The signs and symptoms of swine flu include cough, sore throat, fever, myalgia, congestion, headache, rhinorrhoea, dizziness, sneezing, loss of appetite, fatigue, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, and in rare cases, vomiting and diarrhoea. The most common cause of death is respiratory failure, and neurological symptoms can occur due to high fever. To diagnose swine flu, various tests such as haematological, biochemical, and microbiological tests are conducted, including the collection of nasal or oral swabs for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prevention and control measures include managing swine flu in pigs through herd management, hygiene practices, and vaccination. Treatment options vary based on the severity of the case. Mild to moderate cases can be managed with rest, antipyretics, NSAIDs, antihistamines, and oral rehydration therapy. Severe cases may require intravenous hydration, antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral therapy, and respiratory support.</p>Ritu TiwariShivam VermaNarsingh VermaShraddha SinghAjay VermaAnupam MittalShiraja HaqueToyaj Kumar
Copyright (c) 2024 RITU TIWARI, SHIVAM VERMA, NARSINGH VERMA, SHRADDHA SINGH, AJAY VERMA, ANUPAM MITTAL, SHIRAJA HAQUE, TOYAJ KUMAR
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2024-02-292024-02-29361222510.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.005Zoonotic Diseases: A Changing Landscape Demands Global Action
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2882
<p class="Para">During recent years, the globe-wide zoonotic disease landscape has evolved drastically posing significant challenges to the health of the individual and environmental sustainability. Zoonotic illnesses, which occur in animals and are transmission-capable to people, have been an ever-present risk throughout history. According to the “World Health Organization (WHO)”, an estimated 60% of known infectious diseases and around 75% of new or emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin. These illnesses have the potential to inflict widespread morbidity and mortality, along with severe economic losses. However, today's dynamics of our changing environment, which include urbanization, climate change, and growing human-animal interaction, are increasing the probability of zoonotic spillover occurrences. (1) The worldwide spread of the consequences of zoonotic illnesses underscores the critical need for collective effort through international leadership frameworks integrating government, private industry, and civil society. “The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA)” and the WHO are collaborating on projects to address these concerns and improve global health security. The WHO launched the "One Health Joint Plan of Action," which intends to inscribe health hazards to humans, animals, plants, and the environment. It emphasizes the interconnection of human, animal, and environmental health. (2)</p>Priyanka NaithaniYogesh BahurupiMeenu Singh
Copyright (c) 2024 Yogesh Bahurupi, Meenu Singh, Priyanka
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2024-02-292024-02-29361010210.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.001Reimagining Healthcare Equity: Advocating for Inclusion of Septorhinoplasty under Ayushman Bharat PMJAY
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2828
<p class="Para">Septo-rhinoplasty, commonly known as nose reshaping surgery, has long been associated with cosmetic enhancements in urban centers. However, it's crucial to recognize the transformative impact Septo-rhinoplasty can have in rural India, extending beyond aesthetics to address significant health and social aspects. In rural areas, where access to specialized medical care is limited, individuals often bear the physical and psychological burdens of nasal deformities without recourse. Congenital anomalies, trauma, and functional impairments due to a misshapen nose can adversely affect a person's quality of life. Septo-rhinoplasty emerges as a beacon of hope, offering not just cosmetic improvements but substantial functional benefits.</p>Kulbhushan BaliAnnarao KulkarniDeepthy DasNidhi MohanSPhaneendra Mallekavu
Copyright (c) 2024 Kulbhushan Bali, Annarao Kulkarni, Deepthy Das, Nidhi Mohan S, Phaneendra Mallekavu
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2024-02-292024-02-29361030610.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.002Navigating the Ethical Landscape: Implementing Machine Learning in Smart Healthcare Informatics
https://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2799
<p class="Para">The integration of Machine Learning (ML) into healthcare informatics holds immense promise, revolutionizing patient care and treatment strategies. However, as this technology advances, it brings forth ethical challenges crucial for careful navigation. ML offers unprecedented abilities to analyze vast healthcare data, leading to personalized medicine and improved outcomes. Yet, ethical concerns emerge, notably in privacy protection, algorithm bias, transparency, informed consent, and data quality. Transparency, explainability, and patient autonomy in decision-making processes are crucial to foster trust and accountability. Striking a balance between innovation and compliance, ensuring data quality, and promoting human-AI collaboration are essential. Addressing these challenges demands adherence to ethical frameworks, continuous monitoring, multidisciplinary governance, education, and regulatory compliance. To fully harness ML's potential in healthcare while upholding ethical standards, collaboration among stakeholders is imperative, ensuring patient welfare remains central amid technological advancements. Ethical considerations must be embedded at every stage of ML implementation to maintain an ethical, equitable, and patient-centered healthcare system.</p>Animesh Kumar SharmaRahul Sharma
Copyright (c) 2024 ANIMESH SHARMA, Rahul Sharma
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2024-02-292024-02-2936114915210.47203/IJCH.2024.v36i01.024