The Journal provides an avenue to medical scientists for publication of original research work so as to facilitate use of research for public health action. The scope of the Journal is broad. Original research articles are invited on public health, primary health care, epidemiology, health administration, health systems, health economics, health promotion, public health nutrition, communicable and non-communicable diseases, maternal and child health, occupational and environmental health, social and preventive medicine which have potential to promote evidence-based public health action. The Journal also include editorial, commentaries, perspectives, state of the art reviews, research briefs, policy and practice, reports from the field, public health classics, letters to the editor and book reviews.
Indian Association of Preventive and Social Medicine
Hypertension among Adolescents in a Rural Population of Lucknow: A Comprehensive Study of Influencing Factors
Background: Adolescents aged 10-19 years now number about 1.3 billion globally. Raised blood pressure is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for later cardiovascular disease. Aim and objectives: 1. Estimation of the prevalence of elevated blood pressure and hypertension in adolescents (10-19 years of age) residing in a rural area. 2. Co-relation of hypertension with socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors in adolescents (10-19 years of age) residing in a rural area. Material and methods: This study was a Cross-Sectional study. The study was conducted amongst adolescents residing in rural field practice area of department of Community Medicine, Juggaur in year 2025. A sample size of 236 was calculated. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage, chi square, Fisher–Freeman–Halton Exact test were utilized to determine the association of hypertension with socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors. Results: A total of 254 adolescents were included in the study. In this current study, prevalence of hypertension among adolescents was found to be 5.51%. a total of 14.96 % adolescents were found to be Prehypertensive or having elevated BP. The relation between use of tobacco & hypertension and frequency of vegetable consumption & hypertension was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Smoke Bidi or Cigarette/ Chew Tobacco and frequency of vegetable used were found to be significantly associated with hypertension in adolescents. Most of the participants found to take salt higher than recommended amount. Physical activity in many participants is also light as contrast to recommended moderate physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peeyush Kariwala, S D Kandpal, sumeet dixit, Shikhar Singh, Arvind Kumar Singh, Kailash Kumar Mittal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pattern of Platelet and Blood Component Transfusion among Children at tertiary care Hospital: A Clinical Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Dengue is a major public health problem in tropical countries and frequently presents with thrombocytopenia, leading to widespread use of prophylactic platelet transfusion. However, the appropriateness of platelet transfusion in pediatric dengue remains controversial. The present study aimed to assess the pattern of platelet transfusion and hematological profile, and to evaluate the relationship between platelet count and hemoglobin levels among pediatric dengue patients. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted in the pediatric dengue unit of a tertiary care hospital in Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh, from September to November 2021. A total of 212 clinically suspected cases (≤15 years) were enrolled using purposive sampling; 202 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases were analyzed. Clinical features, hematological parameters, and transfusion practices were recorded. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyse the data. Mean ± SD was used to summarise continuous variables, whereas frequencies and percentages were used to summarise categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine normality. The association between haemoglobin and platelet count was evaluated using Spearman rank correlation. Statistical significance was defined as a p value of less than 0.05. Result: Among 202 confirmed cases, dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome accounted for 89.6%, 12.3%, and 1.8% respectively. Fever (95.5%) and bleeding (22.8%) were the most common manifestations. Platelet transfusion was required in 22 (11%) patients, while only 2.5% required packed red cell transfusion. All patients with platelet count <20,000/µL received transfusion, whereas 44.4% and 13% of patients with platelet counts of 20,000–50,000/µL and 50,000–100,000/µL respectively also received transfusion. Platelet count showed a skewed distribution, while hemoglobin remained relatively stable. A statistically significant moderate negative correlation was observed between platelet count and hemoglobin (Spearman r = −0.326, 95% CI: −0.448 to −0.193, p <0.0001). Conclusion: Platelet transfusion was required in a minority of paediatric dengue cases and was not consistently associated with bleeding manifestations. The inverse relationship between platelet count and haemoglobin suggests haemoconcentration rather than blood loss in dengue infection. Judicious use of platelet transfusion based on clinical indications rather than platelet count alone is recommended to avoid unnecessary transfusion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Devendra Kumar, Chandramani Yadav, Bhumika Bhatt http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Silent Strain: Burnout Syndrome Among Healthcare Personnel in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Dehradun District a Cross sectional study
Background: Burnout syndrome is a growing concern among healthcare professionals globally. The psychological challenges associated with burnout significantly affect the health and performance of healthcare personnel and, in turn, the quality of patient care. However, region-specific data, especially in settings like Dehradun, India, is limited. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and severity of burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and technicians, working in a tertiary care hospital District, Dehradun. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over five months at the Himalayan Institute & Hospital Trust, including 310 participants selected via simple random sampling. Data were collected using a predesigned, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire, including the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS Version 20. A 95% confidence interval was considered, and a p-value of <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The majority of participants were under 30 years of age (61%), with 76.5% working in rotating shifts. Burnout was measured across three domains: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. While emotional exhaustion was low in 70.3% of participants, 31.3% exhibited high depersonalization. Remarkably, 100% reported high personal accomplishment. Nurses showed significantly higher levels of emotional exhaustion (13.3%, p = 0.003) and depersonalization compared to doctors and technicians. Conclusion: Despite a strong sense of professional efficacy across roles, notable levels of emotional fatigue and detachment were observed, especially among nurses. The findings emphasize the need for role-specific interventions, mental health support services, and organizational strategies to mitigate stress and burnout among healthcare personnel.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritika Sharma, Neha Sharma, (Brig) RS Saini, Akash Krishali, Abhay Srivastava, Shaili Vyas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Commercial Power and Public Health: A Power–Influence Matrix Analysis of Snackification in India
Background: India is experiencing a rapid dietary transition characterized by increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods, commonly described as “snackification.” While its health consequences are well documented, limited attention has been paid to the underlying power structures shaping food environments and policy responses. This study examines stakeholder dynamics influencing snackification through a power–influence lens. Methods: A qualitative, document-based stakeholder analysis was conducted using a Power–Influence Matrix framework. Publicly available documents from 2014 to 2024—including policy reports, regulatory drafts, stakeholder submissions, and academic literature—were systematically reviewed to identify key actors involved in food systems and nutrition policy in India. Stakeholders were categorized based on their relative power (capacity to shape policy outcomes) and influence (engagement in policy processes) and mapped across a matrix. Thematic analysis was used to interpret stakeholder relationships and governance dynamics. Results: The analysis revealed significant asymmetries in stakeholder power and influence. Food industry actors and regulatory institutions occupied the high power–high influence quadrant, reflecting substantial control over policy processes. Civil society and academic actors demonstrated high influence but limited power, constraining their ability to translate advocacy into policy change. Consumers, particularly children and adolescents, were positioned in the low power–low influence quadrant despite being disproportionately affected. Persistent delays in regulatory measures, including front-of-pack labelling, were linked to competing interests, institutional constraints, and concentrated commercial power. Conclusion: Snackification in India is shaped by structural and political-economic forces that extend beyond individual behaviour. Addressing its public health implications requires rebalancing stakeholder power, strengthening regulatory autonomy, and mitigating the influence of commercial actors within policy processes. A Power–Influence Matrix approach provides a valuable framework for understanding and addressing governance challenges in food systems.Top of Form Bottom of Form
Copyright (c) 2026 Om Prakash Bera, Pradeep Aggarwal, Krupal Joshi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Burden of Occupational Morbidities and Their Determinants among Sugarcane Factory Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Rapid industrial expansion has increased occupational health challenges, particularly in sugarcane workers facing multiple workplace related health challenges. Due to bagasse exposure respiratory problems like COPD and asthma are common. Other health issues are musculoskeletal disorders, skin irritations, heat stress, dehydration and mental health issues due to long working hours and increased exposure. In 2016, 1.88 million deaths and 89.72 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were attributed by occupational hazards. Aim of this study to find out prevalence of various morbidities among sugarcane factory workers and their associated factors. Material and methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected Government sugarcane factory of District Saharanpur, among 343 factory workers for a period of one year. Pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Collected data was analysed using appropriate statistical tests. Result: Among 343 sugarcane workers, common morbidities included noise-related problems (36.4%), communication difficulty (21.3%), tinnitus (7.9%) and hearing loss (7.3%). Bagasse dust–related morbidity was seen in 29.2% workers. Other issues faced were chronic cough (21.6%), heat-related problems (17.5%), recurrent infections (13.1%), musculoskeletal disorders and mental health problems (10.8% each), dehydration (10.5%) and injuries (5.8%). Morbidities were significantly associated with work area and longer working hours. Noise and dust problems were more common in workers with <2 years’ experience, while longer tenure showed increased musculoskeletal and mental health problems. Conclusion: Occupational hazards adversely affect workers’ health, safety and organizational efficiency, it is preventable through regular training and adoption of proper safety measures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chhaya Mittal, Bhavan Jain, chhaya suman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of Congenital Anomalies in Central India: A Case-Control Study on Modifiable Maternal Risk Factors
Background: A Congenital anomaly represents defects in morphogenesis during early foetal life. The majority have multifactorial inheritance. Some congenital anomalies can be prevented. This study assessed risk factors associated with congenital anomalies among children aged 0–6 years attending a tertiary care centre in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Methods: This was a case-control study conducted at Samarpan Kendra, Bhopal, for the duration of one year. Data of 124 cases and 124 controls were collected by interviewing the mothers. Odds ratio and adjusted Odds ratio were calculated for the risk assessment. Results: Ten independent risk factors were statistically significant, namely duration of pregnancy, type of pregnancy, birth weight, place of delivery, order of pregnancy, irregular iron and folic Acid tablets, maternal illness, neonatal loss, and family history. These were then selected and included in the multivariate logistic regression model and adjusted odds ratios were calculated. The risk of birth defect was six times higher among preterm births (AOR= 6.001; CI= 2.524-14.264), multiple pregnancy had 12.25 times higher risk (AOR= 12.250; CI= 2.482-60.448) and low birth weight infants had 2.6 times increased risk of developing the anomaly in comparison to normal weighed infant (AOR= 2.623; CI= 1.180-5.831). Conclusion: Public awareness should be raised on the importance of iron and folic acid intake, regular antenatal checkups, maintaining hygienic conditions to avoid infections, nutritional care of the mother antenatally and postnatally, for the preparation for next pregnancy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sawlani Harshima, Bhatia Padma, Nair Akhil R, Shinde Mohan, Kajal Srivastava http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of structured yoga practice on glycemic and hepatic outcomes in patients with Co-existing Type 2 Diabetes Mellites and Non -Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus often coexist and have similar metabolic risk factors. A key component of management is still changing one’s lifestyle. Hepatic and metabolic parameters may be improved by yoga, as an adjuvant therapy to the standard. Aims and objective:The current study aim was to evaluate the effect of yoga asanas on biochemical parameters of diabetes (FBS, PPBS, HbA1c) and NAFLD (ALT, AST). Methodology: This study was designed as a quasi-experiment and conducted at ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad. Total 160 participants with T2DM and NAFLD were recruited after obtaining the inform consent and ethics approval. The enrolled participant further divided in the two -group intervention and control group. Intervention group included the addition of the designed yogic program to the standard care of treatment and control group included the participant with standard care of treatment alone. The enrolled participants are followed up for 12 months. Biochemical parameter (Fasting Blood Sugar, Post-prandial Blood Sugar and HbA1c as glycemic and ALT and AST as Hepatic) is evaluated at month 3, month 6, month, month 9 and month 12. Result: The Intervention group showed significant reduction in FBS (153.18 ± 46.34 to 96.32 ± 21.21), PPBS (261.85 ± 56.23 to 162.10 ± 38.42 mg/dL) and HbA1c (8.19 ± 0.76% to 6.52 ± 0.66%) at 12 months (p < 0.0001), with significant inter-group differences for HbA1c at all follow-ups. ALT decreased from 62.58 ± 19.33 to 58.47 ± 15.37 U/L with significant inter-group differences at Months 9 and 12, while AST showed comparable changes between groups (p > 0.05). Overall, the intervention was associated with significant improvements in glycemic parameters and ALT levels over 12 months.Conclusion: Over 12 months, period of follow up, the intervention group showed good decrease in liver enzymes and significant long-lasting improvements in glycemic parameters (FBS, PPBG, and HbA1c). These results indicate that individuals with coexisting T2DM and NAFLD can benefit from an integrated approach that effectively improves both metabolic and hepatic outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikku Yadav, Charu, Ashok Kumar Srivastav, A K Pandey http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Psychological well-being and its predictors among housewives: A cross-sectional study in rural and urban areas of Jammu, UT of J&K, India
Background: Psychological well–being, is a subjective feeling of happiness, satisfaction in one’s life and satisfaction with life’s experiences. Psychological wellbeing among housewives is crucial for to enhance their overall health and well-being. Aim and objectives: To compare the psychological well-being among rural and urban housewives and to study the association of various socio-demographic with the psychological well-being. Methods: This was a community based cross-sectional study conducted among housewives residing in field practice areas of PG Department of Community Medicine, GMC, Jammu for a period of 6 months. Apparently healthy housewives in the selected areas, who were willing to give informed consent were interviewed. The questionnaire used are- Socio-demographic details, personal details and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale. Results: 495 eligible women were interviewed. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among most of the domains in rural and urban housewives, with a higher score observed among urban residents. Variables like monthly income, decision making, relation with family/husband, helper at home, assault/abuse from family and gender discrimination emerged to be independent predictors of psychological well-being. Conclusion: Higher scores of Psychological well-being in the present study reflect that factors like stress, environmental pollution, lifestyle etc. have a role to play in overall mental health of the individuals.
Copyright (c) 2026 dr Rashmi kumari, Dr Chaitanya Kailu, Dr Rishab Gupta, Dr Rajiv Gupta, JYOTI BALA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Self-Care or Self-Harm? A cross sectional Study of Self-Medication among Healthcare Undergraduates.
Background: Self-medication is an important public health concern, with varied presentation. The medicines widely used in self-medication are over the counter drugs which are used to treat common health problems. Self-medication is very commen in India. Healthcare students often self-administer drugs to simulate real-world scenarios and prepare for clinical situations, including managing adverse reactions or complications. Aim & Objective: To determine the prevalence, assess the knowledge, and explore the perceptions and attitudes towards self-medication practices among undergraduate healthcare students. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at one of the medical college of western Maharashtra. Methods and Material: a cross-sectional study is planned using a self-administered questionnaire. It was conducted at one of the medical college in western Maharashtra with the sample population consisting of enrolled students in the Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program. To gauge students' understanding and perceptions of self-medication practices, a 5-point Likert scale, from "strongly agree" (5) to "strongly disagree" (1) was used. Statistical analysis used: Epi info the statistical software used for data analysis. Descriptive like mean and standard deviation done for each item on the Likert scale. Frequency and percent measured for categorical veriable. Results: A total of 196 undergraduate medical students from different studing year participated in the study. The prevalence of self-medication among participants was 81.1%. Self-medication was more common in females as compare to males which found ststisticaly significantly. Participants denote high awareness towards self-medication. While many participants documented responsible practices of self medication, such as checking expiry dates and reading drug information befor administration. Fever, cough/cold and headache were most common conditions where self-medication done frequently. Conclusions: Our study admits that self-medication is highly dominant among undergraduate medical students, particularly among females and those in senior academic years. While participants displayed a commendable level of awareness regarding drug safety, a substantial gap between knowledge and practice persists.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Kanchan D Ingle, Kajal Srivastava, Valecha Isha , Dr. Kaushik Pratap Bhan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Socio-Demographic, Clinical Predictors and Economic Barriers of ART Adherence Among PLHIV of Western India - a cross-sectional study
Background: Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) drugs adherence is essential for achieving viral suppression, yet barriers persist affecting its adherence particularly in high migrant and overpopulation area of South Gujarat, India. Aim: To identify factors of poor ART adherence. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the barriers of good ART adherence at ART Centre, Surat over 1 year; PLHIV (n=240) using pre- tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Middle-aged: 36–55 yrs (56.25%), males (56.7%), illiterate (36.7%), interstate migrants (70%), poor social support (33.3%), non-disclosure of HIV status (10.4%), and side effects (16.25%) showed poor adherence, higher viral load, and low CD4 counts. Economic barriers: average loss of wages Rs. 455/- per visit and 45-60min travel time to visit ART centre. There was significant difference between mean + SD of CD4 count & duration of treatment (p=0.038), adherence & side effects (p=0.003), adherence & last viral load (p=0.001). High viral load is associated with lower adherence (r= -0.319, p=0.025). Travel and social events, communication gaps, geographic inaccessibility, fear of discrimination, false sense of security, job insecurity decreases adherence. Conclusion: Causes of poor adherence are migration, economic loss, side effects and lack of social support. Interventions like single long-acting drug, multi month dispensing may help in improving adherence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dhwani Chauhan, Dhara N. Jahangirporia, Hetal Y. Patel, Nidhi Y. Mangrola, J. K. Kosambiya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating the Educational Environment in Undergraduate Medical Training with DREEM-12 Scale at Puducherry, South India
The quality of the educational environment is a key determinant of effective medical training. The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure–12 (DREEM-12) is a validated tool used globally to assess student perceptions of learning, teaching, academic self-perception, atmosphere, and social support. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the educational environment among undergraduate medical students in Puducherry, South India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 538 MBBS students of Phase II to IV. Data were collected using the DREEM-12 questionnaire administered through a structured Google Form after obtaining electronic informed consent. Results: The overall DREEM-12 mean score was 38.52, indicating an excellent learning environment. Conclusion: The study demonstrates a highly positive educational environment across all domains, with strengths in teacher-related factors and academic self-perception. Areas requiring targeted improvement include student support systems and learning atmosphere. These findings contribute to ongoing quality enhancement efforts in undergraduate medical education in South India.
Copyright (c) 2026 LALITHAMBIGAI CHELLAMUTHU http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Association Between Physical Activity and Overweight/Obesity in Rural Populations: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Overweight and obesity are emerging public health concerns in rural India due to rapid lifestyle transitions and declining physical activity. Evidence regarding their association with physical activity in rural central India remains limited. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and to assess their association with physical activity among adults in rural areas of Jabalpur district. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 770 rural adults selected through multistage random sampling. Data were collected using a predesigned questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and the WHO Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Body Mass Index (BMI) was classified using WHO criteria. Physical activity was categorized as low (<600 MET-min/week), moderate (600–2999 MET-min/week), and high (≥3000 MET-min/week). Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression were applied. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was 20.8% (12.5% overweight and 8.3% obesity). Overweight/obesity was significantly higher among participants with low physical activity (20.9%) compared to moderate (6.8%) and high activity levels (9.6%) (χ²=32.08, p=0.001). Moderate/high physical activity showed a significant protective association against overweight/obesity (OR=0.233; 95% CI: 0.149–0.365; p=0.001). Educational status, occupation, and socioeconomic status were significantly associated with overweight/obesity, while age, gender, religion, caste, and marital status were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity are increasing in rural populations of Jabalpur district. Low physical activity is a significant modifiable risk factor. Strengthening community-based interventions to promote physical activity may help reduce the growing burden of obesity in rural settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manas Nigam, Rajesh Tiwari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Improving Diabetes Self management Using Digital Therapeutics: Insights into User Engagement from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Urban Aligarh
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, one of the greatest contributors of global burden, and its aftermath necessitates a holistic perspective for its treatment and prevention. Self-Monitoring of Blood glucose encompasses all the fundamental principles and approaches of Diabetic management. Applying novel digital innovation in SMBG can improve clinical outcomes and quality of life. Aims: To assess user engagement and acceptability of DTI and SMBG and also identify potential association with outcome results. Settings and Design: Randomized Controlled Trial in urban Aligarh. Methods and Material: After enrollment of 132 participants, they were allocated into 3 groups by randomization- (1) No SMBG (2) SMBG thrice weekly (3) thrice weekly SMBG users with digital feedback by Simple Random Sampling followed by Randomization. Data was captured on socio-demographic correlates at the begging of study and user engagement and feedback using Mobile Application Rating Score was collected at the end of study. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics. Results: Among those who received DTI along with SMBG, 72.5% of the users were highly engaged and 27.5% users were lowly engaged. More than half of the participants rated between 2 and 3 for most of the parameters. The difficulties faced by the participants while using the app, which were fear of security issues (59%), user issues (26%) and operational and technical issues (15%). Overall rating of the app was acceptable.Conclusions: The study highlights the potential of SMBG and DTI to be a valuable adjunct to conventional diabetes management. It reinforces the need to bridge the gap between available technology and real-world application in patient care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Salman Shah, Chelsea, Hamid Ashraf, Mohammad Athar Ansari, Salman Khalil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the Impact of Screen Time on Physical and Mental Health in Medical Students in Pune - A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: There has been a substantial increase in the medical students' screen time, especially after COVID, due to digital education. Even though digital devices and apps are essential for various purposes, such as academic work and access to information, they can harm both physically and mentally. Despite the rising awareness indian medical students still have limited acceptance of the potential danger. In addition to academic use, students frequently engage in entertainment activities such as social media use and binge-watching, thereby increasing their screen time and the associated negative health effects. Aim & Objective: To estimate the time MBBS students at Dr D Y Patil Medical College in Pune spend on screens and to examine its impact on their mental and physical health. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Methods and Material: A total of 174 Participants were selected through convenience sampling, and a semi-structured Google Forms survey comprising 20 items was used Data were collected using a self-designed questionnaire that was pilot-tested and revised. After expert validation it was used. Statistical analysis used: Categorical data was collected and presented in table format. Descriptive statistics was presented in number and percentages. Analysis was performed using Epi Info version 7.2.7. Results: 77% of participants (n = 134) reported using screens for four to six hours per day, while 19% (n = 33) reported screen use exceeding six hours daily. The most commonly reported physical complaints included eye strain (30.8%, n = 54), headaches (20.6%, n = 36), neck discomfort (19.8%, n = 34), and back pain (13%, n = 23). Most commonly reported mental complaint included anxiety, which was reported by 21.6%(n=38), followed by irritation, 19.4%(n=34). Interestingly, more than half of the participants reported increased screen use (51.7%; n=90), which led to reduced physical activity. Conclusions: Thus, the study shows a very strong association between prolonged screen time and several health problems among medical students. Thus, awareness and preventive measures are urgently needed, given the increasing dependence on digital platforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kajal Srivastava, Dr. Ramya Nair , Dr. Ivy Atta , Dr. Nimra Kamati , Dr. Janvi Shrimali , Dr. Sanjana Khalate http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effectiveness of Continuing Medical Education on Rabies Prevention and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Professionals at a Northern Himalayan Tertiary Care Hospital
Background: Rabies remains a significant public health issue in India, and gaps in healthcare professionals' knowledge are linked to preventable deaths. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a well-structured Continuing Medical Education (CME) program focused on rabies prevention and post-exposure prophylaxis at AIIMS Rishikesh. Methods: The CME was organized among 50 healthcare professional like physicians, nurses, medical students, and residents. Each participant was evaluated for pre- test assessment using a pre-set questionnaire followed by full 4-hour CME knowledge session on rabies epidemiology, clinical management, and prevention measures. After the interactive session a post- test assessment was evaluated. Results: The mean knowledge scores increased significantly from 10.50 ± 2.32 points increased to 13.54 ± 0.89 points (p < 0.001), with a mean improvement of 3.04 points. This effect size was large with a Cohen's d of 1.308. Improvement in scores was seen in 86.0% of participants (43 out of 50). The greatest change was in participants' knowledge of post-exposure prophylaxis guidelines, risk assessment, and immunoglobulin administration. Conclusions: The structured CME program was highly effective in improving medical workers' knowledge related to rabies prevention. The large effect size and high participant satisfaction support the use of similar educational interventions to meet continuing medical education needs. These findings can inform evidence-based strategies to increase rabies prevention awareness and help India achieve the WHO goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.
Copyright (c) 2026 Neeraj Ranakoti, Dr. Priyanka Naithani, Dr. Diksha, Mahendra Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Radiotherapy induced female sexual morbidity in cancer cervix patients
Introduction: Radiotherapy has several long term side effects in cancer cervix patients involving rectum, urinary bladder, small intestine and bone marrow. Sexual morbidity in these patients is not the priority for treating oncologist and hence usually not discussed This study aims to evaluate the sexual morbidity in cancer cervix patients treated with radiotherapy. Material and Methods: All patients who presented in our department with a minimum of 6 month follow up between August 2023 and March 2024 after undergoing radiotherapy for cancer cervix were included in the study. These patients were assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire which is to evaluate overall quality of life and specific symptoms, including sexual health concerns. Results: There were 70 patients with a median follow up of 12months. 87.1% patients were sexually active (p=0.01). The most common post radiotherapy complications is vaginal stenosis (85.7%) followed by vaginal dryness (72.8%). The most common complaints of the patients were dyspareunia (85.7%), reduced orgasm (82.8%) and vaginal bleeding (85.7%). 58.5 % patients were distressed with their sex life in comparison to pre radiotherapy period (p value 0.04). Conclusion: Sexual dysfunction is a distressing issue among women undergoing radiotherapy for cervical cancer, with substantial impact on their quality of life. Counselling regarding sexual morbidity before treatment and consulting various interventions may alleviate the physical and psychological distress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Piyush Kumar, Himanshi Khattar, Arvind Kumar Chauhan, Pavan Kumar, Pavan Kumar, Ayush Garg, Rashika Sachan, Rashika Sachan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Healing Others, Hurting Within: Job Stress Among Healthcare Personnel in a tertiary care hospital of district Dehradun
Background: Job stress is a growing concern among healthcare professionals, particularly in high-demand environments like tertiary care hospitals. Prolonged stress can negatively impact both professional performance and personal well-being. study was conducted to assess the level of job-related stress among healthcare personals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 310 healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Dehradun. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequencies and percentages, and graphical representations were also prepared. Results: The mean Perceived stress score among the participants was 18.01 ± 4.12. The majority (82%) of participants experienced moderate stress, 17% had low stress, and only 1% reported high perceived stress. Nurses had the highest proportion of moderate stress (91.2%), followed by doctors (86.5%). Conclusion: Most healthcare workers in this study experienced moderate levels of job stress, particularly among nurses. It is necessary to implement immediate organizational methods that emphasize task redistribution, shift management, and mental health assistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ritika Sharma, Neha Sharma, Akash Krishali, (Brig) RS Saini, Abhay Srivastava, Shaili Vyas http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Occupational Exposure to Pesticides among Farmers in Rural–Tribal Gujarat: Assessment of Knowledge, Practices, and Self-Reported Health Effects
Background: Farmers in rural and tribal regions of India are frequently exposed to pesticides during mixing, spraying, and handling activities. Exposure commonly occurs through dermal contact, inhalation, and accidental ingestion, which can lead to both acute and chronic health problems. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding pesticide use and its associated health effects among farmers among rural tribal district of India. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 farmers from selected villages of one of the tribal district of Gujarat. Farmers aged 18 years and above who had been using pesticides for at least one year were included. Data were collected using a pre-designed and pre-tested structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes regarding pesticide use, pesticide handling practices, and self-reported health effects. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: Although all participants were aware that pesticide exposure could cause health problems, only 48.8% were aware of protective measures and merely 5.3% had received formal training on pesticide handling. A large proportion (91.2%) reported not using PPE during spraying, and 84.7% stored pesticides inside their houses. Nearly all participants (97.6%) reported experiencing at least one health symptom following pesticide exposure, with skin irritation and eye irritation being the most commonly reported complaints. Despite this high prevalence of symptoms, only 5.9% sought medical care. Conclusion: The study reveals a substantial gap between awareness and safe pesticide practices among farmers in this rural–tribal population. Unsafe handling and limited use of protective measures contribute to a high burden of self-reported health problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Shreyash Chaudhary, Dr. Grishma Chauhan, Dr. Niraj Pandit, Dr. Bhavna Dhakate http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Microabrasion as a Community-Feasible and Economical Intervention for Dental Fluorosis in Adolescents: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Background: Dental fluorosis is an endemic health problem in India. During the stages of tooth development, an excessive intake of fluoride results into the disturbance of tooth development, causing dental fluorosis. Many advanced therapies have been in usage to treat the dental fluorosis. Microabrasion is the least invasive and conservative treatment which is highly effective in removing dental stains and improving the appearance. Aim: To treat mild, moderate and severe form of dental fluorosis in 10-13 years old children by microabrasion. Methods: This quasi-experimental single arm interventional study was carried out on 70 dental fluorosis adolescent patients aged 10-13 years. The microabrasion intervention was carried out and comparison was made before and 24 h post-therapy to analyse its effect. The data were analysed statistically. Results: Post-treatment exceptional improvement in appearance was found in 57.14% cases, followed by mild improvement in 17.14%, moderate improvement in 1.43% and no improvement in 24.29% cases. Moderate change in brown stains was 57.14%, followed by total removal in 22.86% and mild change in stains in 20% cases. No sensitivity was reported in 72.86% cases, followed by mild sensitivity in 25.71%, and only in one case the subject felt severe sensitivity. 25.71% subjects were extremely satisfied, 57.14% were satisfied, and 17.14% were neither satisfied nor unsatisfied. Conclusion: The microabrasion technique is conservative, economical, and feasible. Our findings showed improvement in the appearance of the patients and removed the stains.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shobha Fernandes, Vinod Kumar, Yash Bafna, Kranti Kiran Reddy Ealla, Payal Das http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An epidemiological study of prevalence and predictors of Hypertension among adults aged 30-70 years in rural Gurugram, Haryana
Background: Hypertension, often termed the “silent killer,” is a leading global health challenge, affecting over 1.3 billion adults worldwide. Despite its high prevalence, awareness and control remain alarmingly low, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as India, where urban and rural disparities in hypertension rates exist. Methods: A cross-sectional, door-to-door survey was conducted in the rural village of Mankrola, Haryana, India, among adults aged 30–70 years (n=300). Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or a prior diagnosis. Data on sociodemographic, behavioural risk factors, and perceived stress were collected. Adjusted Odds Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals were estimated using a multivariable logistic regression model with hypertension as a dependent variable. Results: Hypertension prevalence increased with age, peaking at 42% in those 70 years or older. Prevalence was similar among males (22%) and females (21%). Higher rates were observed among those with lower education (illiterate: 30%), and individuals in certain occupations (e.g., semi-professionals: 46%). Significant behavioural risk factors included high salt intake (>20g/day: 38%), obesity (BMI ≥30: 44%), current smoking (28%), and smokeless tobacco use (32%). Alcohol use and higher stress levels also showed positive associations. Conclusion: This study highlights the substantial burden of hypertension in a rural Indian population and underscores the critical influence of socio-behavioural factors. Targeted, culturally appropriate interventions addressing salt reduction, tobacco cessation, weight management, and health education are urgently needed to mitigate hypertension’s growing impact in similar settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nidhi Gupta, Sunita Vashist, Geetika Singh, Neha Singla, Kapil Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse Among Male Youth in Dehradun, Uttarakhand: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Youth are particularly vulnerable to health risk behaviors such as tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use, which can have long-term consequences on physical, emotional, and social well-being. Understanding the patterns and determinants of substance use is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Objective: To assess the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and illicit drug abuse among male youth aged 15–24 years in rural and urban areas of Dehradun district, Uttarakhand. Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted over six months and included 1,800 male participants selected using multistage stratified random sampling from higher secondary schools, colleges, and urban/rural communities. A modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) and Big Five Inventory was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 with descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square test, p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 33.8%, current smoking 25.2%, and ever alcohol use 26.0%, with significantly higher rates among urban youth compared to rural (p<0.0001). Early initiation before 18 years was common across substances. Illicit drug use was reported by 6.3% of participants, with opium being the most frequently abused substance. Significant associations were observed with place of residence, age group, academic profile, and personality traits (extroversion, lack of direction, neuroticism). Conclusion: Substance abuse is alarmingly prevalent among male youth in Dehradun, with urban residence, older age, and certain personality traits as key risk factors. These findings underscore the urgent need for comprehensive, youth-focused health promotion strategies, regular screening, and psychosocial interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajneesh Jain, Shaili Vyas, Jayanti Semwal, Malini Srivastava, Abhay Srivastava, Neha Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ageing in institutions: Quality of life perspectives and underlying reasons for residing in old age homes of Meerut
Background: Old-age homes provide sheltered accommodation for elderly individuals, without any specialized nursing or health-care infrastructure, established for senior citizens who cannot stay with their families or are destitute. Quality of life is identified as an important concept and measure of outcomes in health care, and the concept is gaining significance, also in context of long-term care. The lack of family support made elderly resort to old age homes (OAHs) run by private or voluntary organization for their care and social support. Aim & Objective: 1. To assess the reasons for availing stay in old age homes 2. To estimate the quality of life among elderly individuals in old age homes. Settings and Design: An institutional-based cross-sectional study conducted in all elderly aged 60 years and above, residing for more than 1 month in old age homes of Meerut district. Methods and Material: Enumeration of all the residents was done by the investigator in all the 7 old age homes of Meerut. Random selection of total 30 registered elderly by using lottery method from each old age home for the purpose of our study. So, the total participants taken for the study comes out to be 210. Tools used were semi structured schedule and OPQoL brief questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: Jamovi 2.3.28 Results: The main reason for staying in old age homes was loneliness, followed by strained relations. Overall mean score is 2.99, demonstrated moderate Quality of Life. Conclusions: No one to take care at home and loneliness was found to be the most common reason given by the elderly for staying in old age followed by misbehaviour by children. Only 2.8% elderly rated their overall quality of life (QoL) as “very good” while for majority (39.8%) it was “alright”.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shubhali Batra, Tanveer Bano, Sanjeev Kumar, Ganesh Singh, Neelam S Gautam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Thyroid Hormone Reference Ranges in Iodine-Deficient Pregnant Women: An Analysis in Foothills of Himalaya, Uttarakhand
Background: Thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy poses significant maternal and fetal health risks, particularly in iodine-deficient regions like the Himalayan foothills. Population-specific thyroid hormone reference ranges are essential for accurate diagnosis, yet limited data exists for iodine-deficient pregnant populations in India. Aim & objective: To establish trimester-specific serum TSH reference ranges for pregnant women in the iodine-deficient Himalayan foothill districts of Uttarakhand. Methodology: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at three major districts of Uttarakhand i.e. Dehradun, Tehri Garhwal and Pauri Garhwal from March 2020 to August 2023. A total of 544 pregnant women (181 first trimester, 181 second trimester, 182 third trimester) were recruited using systematic random sampling. Trimester-specific reference ranges were calculated using 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. In addition to TSH, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was measured to characterize iodine status; median UIE values were 148, 155, and 147 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters respectively, indicating borderline-to-mild iodine deficiency per WHO 2007 criteria (adequate threshold: ≥150 μg/L). Free T4 (fT4) was also measured with trimester-specific ranges of 0.47–3.56, 0.39–3.67, and 0.34–4.50 ng/dL respectively. Total T4 (TT4) was not assessed. Results: Mean TSH levels increased progressively across trimesters (2.18±1.34 to 3.42±1.89 mIU/L, p<0.001). Established reference ranges showed substantially higher TSH upper limits compared to international guidelines: first trimester (0.12-4.87 vs 0.1-2.5 mIU/L), representing 94.8% difference. Using international ranges, 50.2% of participants would be classified as having thyroid dysfunction compared to 30.3% using population-specific ranges, indicating potential 19.9 misclassification. Conclusion: This study establishes the first trimester-specific thyroid hormone reference ranges for pregnant women in the iodine-deficient Himalayan foothill region. The findings demonstrate significant differences from international standards, highlighting the critical importance of population-specific reference ranges to prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment in iodine-deficient populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nikku Yadav, Dr Ankit Singh, Anita Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Risk Factor Assessment and Comorbidity Profile in Gallstone Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study in Uttarakhand, India
Background: Gallstone disease (GSD) remains a major global health concern, typically benign but can lead to life-threatening complications. Risk factors such as advanced age, female gender, and overweight are well-established, yet gaps remain in understanding the regional epidemiology and associated comorbidities. Aim & Objective: To explore the demographic and epidemiological patterns, assess risk factors, and evaluate comorbid conditions related to GSD. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital at Dehradun. Methods and Material: The study was conducted among 233 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Data was collected via patient interviews, medical records, and pathology reports. Statistical analysis used: Mann-Whitney U tests for continuous variables and z-tests for proportions, with multilevel logistic regression used to identify predictors of symptomatic GSD. Results: Out of the 233 participants, 143 were symptomatic and 88 were non-symptomatic. Symptomatic patients had significantly higher median BMI (p=0.021), waist circumference (p=0.014), systolic blood pressure (p=0.021), diastolic blood pressure (p=0.032), and insulin levels (p=0.004) compared to non-symptomatic patients. In multivariate analysis (Model 5), six significant covariates were identified: age (OR: 1.43, p<0.05), BMI (OR: 1.29, p<0.05), waist circumference (OR: 1.33, p<0.05), systolic blood pressure (OR: 1.27, p<0.05), insulin resistance (OR: 2.17, p<0.05), and the presence of comorbidities (OR: 2.41, p<0.05). Conclusions: The study highlights that symptomatic GBD in Uttarakhand is strongly associated with higher BMI, waist circumference, insulin resistance, and multiple comorbidities. These findings underscore the importance of early intervention strategies targeting modifiable risk factors to reduce the burden of symptomatic GSD.
Copyright (c) 2026 Richa Sinha, DR SONAM MAHESHWARI, DR Parmarth Joshi, Dr Deep Shikha, Dr Hitesh Chopra, Dr Yashendra Sethi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Patient Satisfaction with Healthcare Workers’ Communication and Attitudes in the Emergency Department of a Rural Government Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Assessing patient satisfaction concerning the communication skills and attitudes of healthcare workers in the emergency department (ED) of a rural government hospital in India, addressing a gap in understanding patient experiences in public health studies. Objectives: The study aims to assess patient satisfaction with the communication skills and attitudes and to evaluate operational factors that influence patient experience, such as waiting times for the initiation of treatment and measures to reduce overcrowding in the emergency department. Methods: Conducted between February 2024 and May 2025, the cross-sectional observational study included 800 patients aged 18–65 years who were admitted to the ED for 6–12 hours and had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15. Red-triaged patients and those with psychiatric illness were excluded. Data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire administered via face-to-face interviews. Responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale. As the data were not normally distributed, nonparametric statistical tests were applied. Results: A majority (59%) of patients were satisfied with communication practices, with satisfaction levels consistent across age and gender. In contrast, 48% expressed satisfaction with the attitudes of healthcare workers, with women and younger patients showing comparatively higher satisfaction (p < 0.05). Regarding operational factors, 62% reported dissatisfaction with waiting times before treatment initiation, with younger patients reporting significantly greater dissatisfaction (p < 0.001). Additionally, 57% of patients perceived overcrowding measures in the emergency department negatively, with significant differences noted across genders and age groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Communication practices were generally satisfactory; the attitudes of healthcare workers and operational issues such as treatment delays and overcrowding played a critical role in shaping patient experiences. Recommendations include enhancing communication training, fostering empathetic interactions among healthcare workers, and developing effective strategies to manage ED overcrowding to improve patient-centred care in rural emergency healthcare settings, ultimately leading to better public health outcomes and higher patient satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jyotsana Singh, Dr G. Sathish Kumar, Somendra Pal Singh, Dr Vikram Singh Rathore, Dr Sandip Gupta, Dr Pankaj Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Depression among the elderly population dwelling in Dibrugarh District Assam: A Community Based Study
Background: Depression is found to be the most common psychiatric condition among the elderly, yet remains undiagnosed and mostly considered as normal process of ageing. Aim: To estimate the prevalence and determinant of geriatric depression among elderly population residing in Dibrugarh district. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional design is used to screen geriatric depression (aged 60 and above) from March 2025 to August 2025. Required sample size was 480. Stratified random sampling design was used and a total of 12 PSUs/SSUs (6 urban + 6 rural) were chosen for the study. Primary study tool employed for data collection is “Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-SF)”. Univariate and bivariate analysis was done. p<0.05 considered as significant. Result : Overall rate of depression among the elderly was 54.8%, with 45.2% asymptomatic, 43.3% with mild depression and 11.5% for moderate to severe depression. Gender (p = 0.002, p < 0.05), employment status (p = 0.011, p < 0.05), and monthly income (p = 0.042, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with depression. Elderly aged 60-69 years and those residing in rural areas exhibited higher prevalence of depression. However, no statistically significant association was identified. Conclusion: Late-life depression remains a significant public health problem particularly for women, unemployed and poorer section. High prevalence of depression needs to be addressed early with different interventions incorporated as comprehensive health care for elderly
Copyright (c) 2026 TULIKA GOSWAMI MAHANTA, Manuj Kalita, Progyashree Borthakur, Akanksha Goswami, Biraj Kumar Kalita, Rajib Bora, Suvjeet Gogoi, Dr Bhupendra Narayan Mahanta http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The First 1000 Days Matter: Exploring Breastfeeding, Complementary Feeding, and Nutritional Outcomes among Young Children
Background: Children who don't get timely, sufficient, and appropriate complementary feedings are at risk of undernutrition, even with optimal breastfeeding. Undernutrition among children under five is a significant public health issue in India. Aim & Objective: To evaluate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices among mothers of children aged 6 to 23 months and to examine their association with the nutritional status of these children. Settings and Design: Cross sectional study was conducted among 100 children aged 6 to 23 months in the Rural Health Training Centre’s rural field practice division of Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College in Pune. Methods and Material: Mothers were interviewed using semi structured questionnaire of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices and anthropometric measurement of child was taken using calibrated infantometer and Salter weighing scale. Statistical analysis used: Continuous variables were presented as means, standard deviation (SD) & median. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test were used to determine the independence of attributes. Results: Out of 100 children studied 56% had given prelacteal feed, 44.90% had practiced exclusive breast feeding, 32% children were bottle fed, 54% children received complementary feeding at appropriate age, 62% children met adequate minimum meal frequency, only 23% children met minimum acceptable diet. Association between underweight and stunting with the non-initiation of complementary food at appropriate age was statistically significant. Conclusions: The majority of the children in this research weren't exclusively breastfed, only 54% of infants received complementary feeding at the recommended age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chaitali Borgaonkar, Dr. Neha Bhave, Dr. Deepu Palal, Dr. Neha Gawarle, Dr. Jui Tetu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Awareness, Willingness, And Practices Of Telemedicine For Management Of Selected Chronic Diseases Amongst Patients Attending NCD Clinic At An Urban Health Centre In Raigad District, Maharashtra
Background: Telemedicine involves the use of electronic communication technologies to deliver and support healthcare services when distance separates patients and providers. As chronic diseases continue to be major contributors to global mortality, disability, and healthcare expenditure, continuous monitoring and accessible care remain essential. Telemedicine offers a potential solution, especially in resource-limited settings. Objectives: The study aims to assess patients’ awareness, willingness, and current practices regarding the use of telemedicine. It also seeks to identify factors that contribute to their unwillingness or limited utilization of telemedicine services. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at an Urban Health Centre in Raigad District, Maharashtra, involving 130 patients above 30 years of age registered under the Non-Communicable Disease clinic. A pre-validated questionnaire, administered in Marathi and Hindi, was used for data collection. Socio-economic status was categorized using the Revised BG Prasad Classification, and data were analyzed using SPSS Version 26. Results: 54.2% of participants owned a smartphone, 82.2% were unaware of telemedicine, 81.5% lived within 10 km of the Urban Health Centre. Conclusion: The study highlights the need to improve awareness, address barriers, and enhance patient engagement to maximize the benefits of telemedicine for chronic disease management in resource-limited areas like Raigad District.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nisha Ram Relwani, Parnika Joshi, Prasad Waingankar, Noopur Kulkarni, Sunila Sanjeev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Factors associated with food safety practices among food-handlers: a facility-based cross-sectional study
Background: Foodborne diseases remain a major public health concern globally and contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries like India where food hygiene infrastructure and awareness remain suboptimal. Food handlers play a crucial role in preventing contamination during food preparation and serving. Assessing their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) is essential for strengthening food safety interventions in institutional settings. Aim and Objective: To asess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding food hygiene and safety among food handlers in a private university of Eastern India and to determine their association with selected socio-demographic factors. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2025 to February 2026 among food handlers working in hostel kitchens of a private university in Eastern India. Universal sampling was adopted and 150 eligible food handlers were included. Data were collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics and KAP related to food hygiene. Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7.3.2. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and associations were assessed using the Chi-square test and the F-test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 150 participants, the mean age was 39.4 ± 13.28 years. Females constituted 45.3%, and 57.3% were married. The mean scores for knowledge, attitude and practice were 11.65 ± 3.57, 9.55 ± 2.28, and 24.46 ± 2.78, respectively. Higher educational status (p<0.0001) and higher socio-economic class (p<0.001) were significantly associated with better knowledge scores. Female participants demonstrated significantly better attitude scores (p=0.04), while male food handlers had significantly higher practice scores (p=0.003). Conclusion: Although food handlers demonstrated moderate knowledge and attitudes toward food hygiene, their practical adherence to food safety measures was relatively better. Strengthening structured food safety training programs and continuous monitoring can further improve compliance and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases in institutional settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 DR. ANWESA ROY, DR. JYOTISHKA MUKHERJEE, Prof.(DR.)IPSA MOHAPATRA, Sai Chandan Das http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge and Practice Related to Health Information Technology Among Healthcare Professionals in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Eastern India: A Mixed-Methods Study
Background: Health Information Technology (HIT) has become a cornerstone of modern healthcare systems, supporting clinical decision-making, continuity of care, and operational efficiency. However, optimal utilization remains dependent on workforce competence and organizational readiness. Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to HIT among healthcare professionals in a tertiary care teaching hospital and to explore perceived barriers and facilitators. Methods: A mixed-methods study was conducted among 167 healthcare professionals using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: Administrators demonstrated significantly higher knowledge scores than doctors (3.65 ± 0.72 vs 2.97 ± 0.68; p < 0.01). Nearly half of participants reported low computer proficiency. Documentation and appointment scheduling were suboptimal, whereas literature searching was frequently practiced. Major barriers included inadequate training, workflow disruption, and cybersecurity concerns. Conclusion: Despite perceived benefit of use of Information Technology in Health care management, significant gaps persist in HIT utilization. Structured capacity-building programs and institutional digital governance are required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisa Sarangi, Basudev Behera, Laxmidhar Parhi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Menopausal Transition and Symptom Burden: A Community-Based Study In Urban India
Background: A woman’s life span can be divided into three broad phases- reproductive, menopausal transition and postmenopause. Menopausal transition is a finite period of physiologic changes that eventually culminates in reproductive senescence. Aim & Objective: To estimate the prevalence of menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women in an urban area of Meerut and to assess the distribution of menopausal symptoms according to their menopausal status. Methods and Material: A community-based survey of 300 middle-aged women was carried out in urban area of Meerut by multistage sampling. Data was collected using a pre-tested and validated questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: Data collected was analysed and statistically evaluated using Jamovi 2.3.28 software. Results: Overall prevalence of menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women in the study was 92.7% while it was 86.9% in early menopausal transition stage women, 86.2% in late menopausal transition stage women and 95.5% in postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Menopausal women overall and in all menopausal categories showed high prevalence of menopausal symptoms. Symptoms like ‘Accomplishing less than used to’, ‘Aching in muscles and joints’, ‘Dissatisfied with personal life’ and ‘Avoiding intimacy’ were significantly higher in postmenopausal women than menopausal transition stage women, while ‘Hot flushes or flashes’ and ‘Being impatient with other people’ were seen more associated with menopausal transition stage women than postmenopausal women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Banisha Sulthana, Tanveer Bano, Seema Jain, Ganesh Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Structured health education interventions for lifestyle modification in hypertension management: a bibliometric analysis
Background: Hypertension persists as a major global health concern. Structured health education interventions emphasizing lifestyle modification are crucial for control and prevention. Increased research output across countries elucidates strategy development and key contributors in this area. Aims/Objectives: This bibliometric study aims to analyze global publication trends, identify influential contributors, and track thematic shifts in structured health education interventions for lifestyle modification in hypertension management. Methods & Materials: A bibliometric analysis of literature indexed in the PubMed database was conducted. The search was performed on 6 January 2026, Articles published between 1st January 2000 to dec 31st 2025, 336 articles were retrieved and after screening, 168 articles were considered for the bibliometric analysis, which was conducted using Biblioshiny and VOSviewer. Trends in article volume, leading authors, affiliations, and journals were analyzed and thematic clusters were examined by keyword co-occurrence networks. Results & Conclusion: Research output increased substantially after 2013.Country-level analysis based on author affiliations indicated that the United States and China were the leading contributors to the literature, followed by Australia, Spain and Brazil. Highly cited authors included Trudeau L (564 citations), Khan NA (532 citations), Hill MD (532 citations), and Campbell NR (532 citations). Among journals, PLOS ONE published the highest number of articles (12 publications, 725 citations), followed by Nutrients (10 publications, 420 citations) and BMC Public Health (6 publications, 427 citations). Collaboration networks demonstrated active international partnerships, and thematic mapping revealed dominant research areas including lifestyle modification, patient education, self-management, physical activity, and digital health interventions. The analysis was limited to publications indexed in PubMed and to English-language articles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Venkatesh Pobbathi, RASHMI KUNDAPUR, KISHORE YADAV JOTHULA http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perceived Barriers to Healthy Lifestyle Practices among School-going Youth in a Rural Block of Varanasi, India: An Institution-based Cross-sectional Study
Background: Healthy lifestyle behaviours established during adolescence and early adulthood strongly shape later non-communicable disease risk. In rural settings, young people often face constraints that go beyond awareness such as academic pressure, limited opportunities for structured physical activity, and practical challenges related to diet. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of perceived barriers across key lifestyle domains and to examine their association with selected sociodemographic characteristics among rural youth. Methods: An analytical study was conducted among 15–24 years students. Participants were selected using multistage sampling from educational institutions. Perceived barriers were assessed using a validated “Barriers to a Healthy Lifestyle” questionnaire covering nutrition, physical activity, and psychosocial stress domains, with responses recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Determinants were examined using multivariable logistic regression, and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: High perceived barriers were reported by 49.0% of participants in the psychosocial stress domain, 47.0% in nutrition, and 45.3% in physical activity. Examination-related stress (68.0%) and lack of healthy food availability within institutions (55.0%) were the most frequently endorsed barriers. Male students had significantly higher odds of reporting lower perceived barriers across nutrition (aOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.25–3.67), physical activity (aOR 2.41; 95% CI 1.40–4.14), and psychosocial stress (aOR 2.53; 95% CI 1.47–4.36). Students in 12th grade and college demonstrated significantly higher perceived stress barriers compared to those in 10th–11th grade. Conclusion: Nearly half of rural, school-going youth reported high perceived barriers to healthy lifestyle practices, particularly related to psychosocial stress, diet, and physical activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prayag Khandelwal, Vineet kumar Pathak, Dr. Ravi Shankar, Ravpreet Kaur http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Life Style Awareness of Medical students having parents /elderlies comorbid With Non communicable Disease
Background: Medical students often follow unhealthy lifestyles due to academic stress, irregular sleep schedule increasing their risk of non-communicable diseases. Noncommunicable diseases- such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes are long term conditions having a multifactorial origin. Aim & Objective: To assess awareness and lifestyle practices among medical students with parents or elders suffering from noncommunicable diseases. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey conducted among 185 medical students. Methods and Material: Sociodemographic variables, body mass index (BMI), eating habits, physical activity, sleep patterns, and substance use were recorded. The comorbidities assessed among parents and elders were hypertension, Type-II diabetes, coronary artery disease/stroke, osteoarthritis, liver/gall bladder diseases, and cancer/others Statistical analysis used: Crosstabulation and chi-square tests were used to identify associations, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The majority of participants were female (62.7%) and aged 21–23 years. Most (71.9%) had a normal BMI. The most commonly reported comorbidities among parents/elders were hypertension (29.2%) and liver/gall bladder disease(21.1%). Statistically significant associations were found between comorbidities and midnight snacking(p=0.043) and sleep quality (p=0.018). There were no significant associations between parental comorbidity and dietary and physical activity variables. Conclusions: Despite being medical students, the students showed low lifestyle adherence, and parental noncommunicable disease status had limited influence on healthy behaviours. This highlights the need for targeted interventions for medical students, regardless of family history, to bridge the gap between knowledge and practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Puneet Kumar Gupta, Dr Neysa Kaul, Dr Sonam Maheshwari, Richa Sinha, Dr Gurpreet Kaur, Dr Sachin Singh Bisht http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Disease and Medication profile of patients with Diabetes Mellitus in rural areas of district Ghaziabad
Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic non-communicable disease posing a significant burden on Indian health system, especially in rural areas due to multiple socio-demographic and health system barriers. Aims & Objectives: To assess the disease profile and medication profile along with level of treatment adherence among patients of diabetes mellitus in rural areas of district Ghaziabad and to determine factors associated with medication adherence. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 371 adults (≥18 years) with Diabetes Mellitus. Patients registered in the NCD register of CHC Muradnagar, Ghaziabad were selected randomly. Data were collected using a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Chi-square was used to test statistical association. Results: The majority of participants (30.2%) were suffering from diabetes for 1–5 years. Oral hypoglycaemic agents were the most common therapy (65.9%). Majority of the participants (34.6%) demonstrated low adherence to prescribed treatment with common barrier being forgetfulness (46.8%). Significant associations were observed between medication adherence and type of therapy, duration and source of medication and side effects (p<0.002). Conclusion: Majority of patients exhibited low (34.6%) and medium (38.2%) medication adherence contributed by various barriers such as forgetfulness, economic constraints, inadequate awareness and side effects contribute to poor compliance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jyoti Shukla, Dr. Atish Anand, Dr. Gajendra Kumar Gupta, Dr. Neha Jetli, Dr. Syed Hasan Nawaz Zaidi, Dr. Amod Kumar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Alleviating the stress of the climacteric period: Role of family
Menopause, a natural cessation of menstruation marks an important milestone in the lives of women. Defined as “The permanent cessation of menses due to loss of ovarian follicular functions,” It is predicted that over 1.2 billion women will be peri or post-menopausal by 2030. (1) Although not a mental illness, the hormonal shifts during menopause can trigger or exacerbate psychological symptoms like anxiety, depression, and mood swings in “Climacteric period.” Asian women specifically are more likely to suffer from depression and irritability. (2) It can also affect social life like relationships, work performance, and self-esteem. Some of these effects may be managed by seeking professional help, lifestyle modifications, and awareness initiatives, but role of understanding, empathetic husband as support system during partner’s menopause is crucial offering help and having open communication about her needs. A systematic review by X. Zhang et al (3) concluded that spousal support for peri-menopausal women makes a significant positive effect on their Quality of Life. Understanding of menopause in males is lacking as per various surveys. Most husbands reported confusion regarding menopause and had mostly learned what they knew through their wives. Some also viewed menopause as a ‘disease’ or ‘excuse’. Husbands are most likely to recognize mood swings and sexual function changes, timely detection of which can reduce marital strain. 77% participants of 450 men surveyed by Parish SJ. et al (4) reported that their partner's menopause had a negative effect on their own lives with 56% reporting that menopause has negatively impacted their marital relationship.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Sadhana Lakhute, Dr. Rahul Band, Dr Tukaram Gadekar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Radiant HPV Shield—Protecting India's Daughters from Cervical Cancer
Consider this: Every five minutes, one woman in India dies from cervical cancer; 123,000 women die each year due to cervical cancer, approximately 26% of the global cervical cancer burden. Most cases occur in rural areas, where access to essential healthcare is limited. There are currently very low rates of HPV vaccination in India (1.3% from the NFHS-5 study), and despite the development of a promising HPV vaccine, Cervavac. This exclusion from UIP is heartbreaking. We need to act now by leveraging successful pilots, as those in Sikkim, to bridge this gap and save lives. (1-4) I would like to introduce a new initiative, Radiant HPV Shield, a community-driven plan with seven evidence-based strategies backed by global evidence and real-world Indian successes. Not just ideas- but pathways to a brighter future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Aswathy Madhu, Kajal Srivastava, Dr.Swati Ghonge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urgent Need to Regulate Herbal and Nicotine-Based Tobacco Products in India
India is home to over 260 million tobacco users, making it the second-largest consumer base globally (1). In response to this public health burden, the country has implemented several key regulatory measures, including the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), the National Tobacco Control Programme (NTCP), and ban on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Despite ongoing regulatory and educational efforts, the tobacco product landscape in India continues to evolve, with increasing concern over the growing popularity of herbal and nicotine-based alternatives such as herbal cigarettes, nicotine pouches, heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Although products like ENDS are explicitly prohibited under the Prohibition of Electronic Cigarettes Act (PECA), 2019, they are frequently marketed—often deceptively—as safer, natural, or even therapeutic alternatives, posing significant challenges to public health communication and regulatory enforcement. To better understand public perceptions of these products, we undertook a two-phase study combining quantitative and qualitative approaches in January 2025. In first phase, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted to quantify these perceptions using a pre validated and piloted questionnaire, comprised five sections: demographic information, knowledge of herbal and nicotine-based products, attitudes towards them, practices, and their exposure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravita Yadav, Sonu Goel http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Outcome-Based Learning: Advancing the Framework of Competency-Based Medical Education
The implementation of Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME) in India by the National Medical Commission (NMC) in 2019 is a landmark change in the medical education scenario. This change in the medical curriculum from a time-bound model to an outcome-based model is an important move in ensuring that medical students are competent in facing the challenges of modern-day medicine. In this article, we attempt to critically examine the developments in the CBME model, which has been an evolving entity since 2019 and has seen recent developments in 2024. By emphasizing learner-centered and patient-centered learning strategies, CBME aspires to achieve the integration of theoretical knowledge with the practical skills and competencies required to provide effective medical practice. The curriculum development focuses on the holistic learning experience by incorporating the cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains of learning to enable students to perform basic functions in the field of medicine and community health. It also promotes the culture of research and scholarly pursuit among the students. By examining the implementation strategies, feedback mechanisms, and performance outcomes of these curricula, the importance of these curricular changes can be clearly understood. The findings of this review emphasize the need to continuously improve and modify the curriculum to fulfill the needs of health care, leading to the achievement of the “Health for All” concept.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Taruna Sharma, Dr Deep Shikha, Dr Megha, Dr Ruchi Juyal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Out-of-Pocket Expenditure for Health Care in India: A Narrative Review
Background: Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) for health care is a clear indicator of the financial strain that households endure. In India, Catastrophic Health Expenses (CHE) have been borne by almost 18% of the households. Over millions of people are pushed into poverty each year as a result of increased cost of health care. This narrative review was undertaken to obtain the current status of OOPE in India. Methodology: A comprehensive search of major databases such as PubMed Central, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library database, Google Scholar was done using keywords relevant to the research question. Articles published in English from 2010 onwards relevant to the review were included. Results: About 16 studies were reviewed and their findings are presented. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure was incurred by 75% of the households for Outpatient care and 5% to 28% of the households experienced Catastrophic Health Expenditure. Medications contributed to the largest proportion of the expenses. Conclusion: The burden of OOPE for outpatient (OP) & inpatient (IP) care as well as medications were very high, CHE was incurred by a few households for IP care. We recommend inclusion of outpatient treatment for chronic illnesses in the current government-instituted health insurance programs and to expand the coverage. Since the scope of this review is limited, a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis is warranted to understand the extent of the problem and the reasons behind.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Deepu Palal, Dr. Kavita Vishwakarma , Dr.Shweta G , Kajal Srivastava, Akhil Revikumar, Gayatri R Nair , Suman Ray, Mahesh Saivajjala , Vrinda Agarwal , Nandita Nath http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Augmenting learning and professional growth through peer feedback in medical training: A narrative review
As a part of medical training, students are expected to master many theoretical and practical subject-specific competencies. The role of peer-led initiatives in medical education has been well documented in the literature in aiding students to attain intended learning objectives. The purpose of the current review is to explore the benefits of peer feedback, enumerate methods for delivering peer feedback, identify the potential challenges, and propose strategies to overcome them. A thorough and detailed search related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine and relevant published literature, published between 2015-2024, targeting peer feedback in the field of medical education were included in the review. A total of 23 articles were included in the present review, and keywords used in the search include peer feedback, students, learning, teaching, and medical education in the title alone only. Peer feedback is a specific type of constructive critique provided by individuals of similar status or experience to each other. It is a reciprocal process where everyone helps each other in supporting their growth, improving their self-awareness, and overall professional development. In conclusion, peer feedback is an effective approach to facilitate learning and promote professional growth among medical students. Even though concerns have been raised about its implementation, the need of the hour is to integrate peer feedback into medical education as it can create a supportive system for medical students during their training period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh Shrivastava, Prateek Bobhate, Nilesh Agrawal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: A Narrative Review
Radiology undoubtedly plays a crucial role as the backbone of diagnostic imaging. It is one of the most sought-after specialities owing to a work-life balance and minimal patient interaction. The advent of Artificial Intelligence has undoubtedly proven to be a boon with online prescriptions, telemedicine, and advanced technology, revolutionising image-based diagnostic techniques. It is bound to bring tremendous changes in how one predicts the course of a disease, especially for those who rely on pattern recognition. The practice of radiology is set to undergo a seismic shift in the coming years, driven by the increasing application of machine learning and deep learning. It is high time to embrace these changes and remain up to date with recent developments, as virtual medical assistants powered by AI can give doctors the much-needed gift of time while improving the precision in diagnosis and management. This article summarizes the past foundations, present practice, and future opportunities of AI in radiology and the concepts essential to understand this integration. It also highlights the fact that careful implementation can ensure equity and efficiency in patient management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Geeta Chand Acharya, Dr Sai Chandan Das, Dr Brojesh Rishi Mukherjee , Dr. Chetan Chowdhary , Dr Gitom Baruah , Prof (Dr) Alpana Mishra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Commonwealth Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance
We, the representatives of National Medical Associations across the Commonwealth, assembled in Chennai, India, during the 27th Biennial Conference of the Commonwealth Medical Association – on 9th November 2024, recognize the critical and escalating threat posed by Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) to public health and global development. This Commonwealth Declaration on Antimicrobial Resistance reaffirms our unified commitment to combat AMR through coordinated, multisectoral efforts grounded in the principles of One Health and guided by the Sustainable Development Goals. With this Declaration, we call upon Governments, Healthcare providers, and International agencies across the Commonwealth to join forces in combating AMR through sustainable policies, integrated stewardship, and enhanced infection prevention measures that will safeguard the health of current and future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Venkatesh Karthikeyan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ensuring Contemporary Socio-economic Classification: Updated Modified BG Prasad Scale for 2026
Background: Socio-economic status (SES) is an important determinant of health and influences accessibility, affordability, and utilization of health care services. The BG Prasad classification, proposed in 1961, is widely used in India to assess SES in both rural and urban populations. However, due to inflation and changing economic conditions, the income limits require periodic revision using the Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW). Methods: The updated Modified BG Prasad classification for 2026 was calculated using the CPI-IW for January 2026 (148.6; base year 2016 = 100) released by the Labour Bureau, Government of India. The revised income limits were derived using the multiplication constant obtained after applying the standard linking factors. Results: Using the multiplication constant 97.69, the updated per capita monthly income limits were calculated as follows: Class I ≥ ₹9769; Class II ₹4885–₹9768; Class III ₹2931–₹4884; Class IV ₹1465–₹2930; and Class V < ₹1465. Conclusion: The updated BG Prasad classification for 2026 reflects current inflation and provides a relevant tool for assessing socio-economic status in epidemiological and public health research in India.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pallavi Singh, Rohit Katre, Pradeep Aggarwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Uniting Global Forces Against the Silent Pandemic: The Commonwealth Alliance of Medical Professionals on Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical challenge to modern medicine, fundamentally undermining our ability to treat infectious diseases effectively(1). Antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, are essential for preventing and treating infections in humans, animals, and plants. However, pathogens can evolve over time, leading to resistance against these antimicrobials. This natural evolutionary process is drastically accelerated by the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials, rendering conventional treatments ineffective. As a result, infections become increasingly difficult to manage, escalating the risks of disease spread, severe illness, and mortality. Antimicrobial resistance presents a major threat to global health, contributing to increased mortality and morbidity rates. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared AMR a "silent pandemic," emphasizing the critical need to tackle this issue(2). AMR poses a worldwide threat, with drug-resistant diseases claiming the lives of 4.95 million individuals in 2019, of which 1.27 million deaths were directly related to AMR(3). AMR adds to significant costs, for both health systems and national economies, posing a problem for all countries at all income levels. AMR creates the need for more expensive and intensive care, and affects the productivity of patients and caregivers through prolonged hospital stays. In response to the urgent need to address the growing burden of AMR, the Commonwealth Medical Association has spearheaded the launch of the Commonwealth Alliance of Medical Professionals on Antimicrobial Resistance (CAMP-AMR). This initiative aims to unite National Medical Associations across the Commonwealth to collaborate on developing and implementing sustainable strategies that tackle the pervasive issue of AMR. By facilitating international cooperation and shared expertise, CAMP-AMR seeks to enhance global and national efforts against AMR. While global initiatives like the Global Action Plan on AMR(4) provide a robust framework, CAMP-AMR offers a Commonwealth-specific mechanism to leverage shared cultural, professional, and structural similarities for targeted interventions.
Strengthening India’s Shield Against Zoonoses: Newer Initiatives from a Centre for One Health in North India
Background: Zoonotic diseases constitute over 60% of infectious diseases and 75% of emerging infections, posing risks in India due to high human animal interface. Aims & Objectives: To describe two One Health initiatives implemented by a Regional Coordinating Centre in North India. Description: NIVARAN, a zoonoses helpline, provides teleconsultation and referral guidance, while SAATH strengthens frontline workers’ capacity for early recognition and prevention of priority zoonoses. Results: These initiatives improved access, consultation and strengthened community-level vigilance and referrals. Conclusion: Integrating consultation with structured training of community health workers offers a scalable model for strengthening zoonotic disease preparedness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Soumya Swaroop Sahoo, Rakesh Kakkar, Sivanantham K, Gursimran Kaur Kochar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of Mini-Teaching for Teaching Competencies among Faculties of Medical College
Background: In India, medical instructors are not required to receive pedagogical technique training. As a result, medical school instruction varies widely in quality. Making qualified medical teachers with enhanced instructional abilities is crucial in the age of competency-based medical education and the rising demands on health professionals by society. Objectives: To assess the faculty performance in teaching skills and to give feedback based on their assessment. Methodology: Cross-sectional study conducted in medical college after taking institutional ethical committee clearance and consent from the participants. A total of 156 faculty participated in study. The faculty of non-clinical and clinical subjects of all cadres of teachers were participated in mini-teaching session. Results: The faculty of non-clinical and clinical subjects of all cadres of teachers were participated in mini-teaching session. The significant association was observed between the department wise & faculty Designation with related to teaching skills. Conclusion: Faculty development training programme is a need of hour because we have not undergone any teacher training programme to become teaching faculty at medical colleges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rekha Udgiri, Praveen Ganganahalli, Vijaya Sorganvi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prevalence of Occupational Stress and its associated factors among Industrial Workers of North Karnataka
Introduction: Job related stress is increasing in today's world as companies adapt to newer technology causing mismatch in skill and resources, leading to mental distress among employees. Causes of occupational stress include long working hours, inadequate pay and workplace conditions. In India, the prevalence of moderate stress levels is 9.5%, with 10-20 persons in 1,000 suffering from some mental illness. Aim: To study the prevalence of occupational stress and its associated factors among industrial workers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Belagavi, a city in North Karnataka. A questionnaire having 2 components was used, the first being the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a classic stress assessment instrument comprising questions on how often one felt a certain way during the last month. The second component was to establish the leading factors of occupational stress through questions regarding their working conditions, salary, etc. Blood samples withdrawn from the workers were used to measure Vitamin D levels using chemiluminescence micro-particle immunoassay (CMIA). Results: 3.4% of the 119 workers had low stress levels, 84% had moderate stress levels and 12.6% had high stress levels, with the number of breaks, sleep schedule and Vitamin D levels showing the highest association (calculated using chi square). More than 50% of the employees had insufficient (20-30ng/ml) or deficient (<20ng/ml) vitamin D levels, which correlated with their stress levels. Conclusion: The results of our study show a significant number of employees experiencing moderate stress levels which can interfere with their personal and professional lives. The positive associations highlight the need for workspace interventions targeted towards adequate rest breaks and healthy sleep practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajesh Kulkarni, Nishtha Maniar, Agamdeep Singh Bedi, Darur Madhura Lakshmi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Policy on Paper, Gaps in Practice: A Qualitative Assessment of COTPA Compliance in Educational Institutions of Bhubaneswar, India
Background: Tobacco use remains a pervasive public health concern in India, with initiation often beginning at a young age. The Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) 2003 mandates that educational institutions be tobacco-free, yet compliance remains inconsistent. Objectives: To qualitatively assess compliance with COTPA regulations in schools of Bhubaneswar. Methods: A qualitative cross-sectional exploratory study was conducted using observations and semi-structured interviews with teachers and principals. Sampling was stratified across schools. Data collection was based on CBSE guidelines and analysed thematically. Results: Findings revealed partial compliance with COTPA. Signboards were absent in 50% of government schools, tobacco shops were found within 100 yards of several government institutions, and evidence of tobacco use (wrappers, butts) was observed in all schools. Teacher awareness of COTPA varied, with many perceiving chewing tobacco as culturally acceptable, especially in Government schools. Themes included poor enforcement, cultural acceptance, and peer influence. Conclusion: Compliance with COTPA in Bhubaneswar schools remains inadequate, highlighting the need for stronger enforcement and sensitization of teachers and staff.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sonali Kar, Priyanka , Gouri , Neha, Snigdha, Ayesha http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Numbers to Governance: The Future of Vital Statistics in India
“A nation’s progress is measured not by its wealth, but by the well-being of its people” Vital statistics are not merely numbers, they are rather the heart of a nation’s demographic and developmental trajectory. Indicators such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, and total fertility rate help in planning of health budget, education and social protection schemes. The concept of vital statistics began in 17th-century England with the recording of births and deaths. A landmark development was in 1662 when John Graunt analysed how death data could reveal patterns of disease and population trends. William Farr advanced this concept further. Over time, countries established formal Civil Registration Systems to legally record births, deaths, and marriages. In India, systematic registration began during the British period and the modern system was strengthened under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969. (1) In India, four major pillars support the vital statistics framework are the Census, Civil Registration System (CRS), Sample Registration System (SRS), and National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Together, they provide a composite picture of population structure, fertility behaviour, and mortality patterns. Emphasizing vital statistics contextualizes health indicators like mortality, fertility, and life expectancy within national data systems, allowing better interpretation and comparison. The Census of India is a decennial, complete enumeration of the entire population conducted under the Census Act, 1948. It collects detailed demographic and socio-economic information such as population size, age–sex distribution, literacy, occupation, migration, and housing characteristics. Its main purpose is to provide a comprehensive database for planning, policy-making, and allocation of resources. The key strength of the Census is its universal coverage down to village and ward level, serving as the primary source of population denominators. Its main limitation is that it is conducted only once every ten years, so data may become outdated between rounds. (2, 3) The Civil Registration System (CRS) is a continuous administrative system that legally records vital events such as births, deaths, and stillbirths across the entire country. It generates actual registered numbers and publishes annual reports. Its main purpose is legal registration of vital events, and its strength lies in providing real counts. However, its limitation is under-registration in some states. (4)
Copyright (c) 2026 Seema Jain, Kraty Singh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Public Health Governance, Legal Frameworks, and Financial Accountability: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems
Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) systems are foundational to public health governance, providing continuous, universal, and legally grounded data on births, deaths, and causes of death. These systems are indispensable for health planning, monitoring epidemiological transitions, and tracking progress toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (1–3). Despite global commitments, CRVS systems in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remain incomplete and inequitable. While global initiatives have largely focused on technical enhancements—digitization, training, and data systems—these efforts often overlook deeper systemic constraints related to governance fragmentation, weak legal enforcement, and inadequate financial sustainability (2,4). This editorial argues for a paradigm shift: sustainable CRVS systems must be anchored in an integrated triad of public health governance, legal frameworks, and financial accountability, supported by a domestic resource mobilization (DRM) (5).
Copyright (c) 2026 Om Prakash Bera, Babita Kamlapurkar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ENERGY PLUS: A Workplace Holistic Health & Wellness Program for Employees
Background: Modern workplaces are increasingly recognized as critical settings for promoting holistic health. Energy Plus (Engaging and energetic program for lifestyle disease and financial uplfiitment services) was conceived as a comprehensive, system-based program designed to enhance workplace physiology, integrating physical, mental, social, financial and organizational well-being. Methods: We developed a conceptual framework grounded in systems psychology and organizational science, aligning individual physiological outcomes with leadership behaviour, communication flow, and work design. A four-phase implementation model—Engage → Screen → Intervene → Evaluate—is proposed to operationalize the intervention within any corporate or institutional environment. Results: The framework (Figure 1) identifies interconnected determinants of workplace stress and wellness, including organizational communication, leadership style, ergonomic environment, and individual health behaviours. Practical interventions such as screening, peer-led programs, ergonomic redesign, stress-management training, and financial-wellness education form the Energy Plus package. Conclusion: By reframing workplace wellness as “workplace physiology upliftment,” Energy Plus provides a pragmatic, scalable model to improve physical and mental health, reduce absenteeism, and foster sustainable productivity across organizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Santosh Kumar, Kanchan Gupta, Ekta Pathak http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Strategies to streamline the process of integration and implementation of problem-based learning in the medical curriculum
Acknowledging the complexities and the vastness of the medical curriculum, time and again, the adoption of interactive and innovative teaching-learning methods has been advocated. Problem-based learning (PBL) method is expected to enhance student engagement, support adult learning principles, and assist students in their journey to attain different learning competencies. The PBL method advocates student-centered learning, wherein medical students take responsibility for their individual learning, which is not the case with conventional methods, where students are often passive recipients of the information provided by teachers. In conclusion, the approach of problem-based learning tends to overcome multiple deficiencies of the traditional curriculum and prepares students to effectively discharge their role as effective healthcare professionals. The need of the hour is to systematically plan and involve all the stakeholders in the planning and implementation process to derive the desired benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh Shrivastava, Prateek Bobhate, Harshal Mendhe http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges, optimization, and best practices in COVID-19 Vaccination: Experiences from a tertiary care urban vaccination centre of Himachal Pradesh
The COVID-19 vaccination rollout in Himachal Pradesh faced significant operational hurdles. This study evaluates strategic responses at an urban COVID Vaccination Centre (CVC) to maximize vaccine utilization and delivery. As eligibility expanded to adults aged 18+, adaptive strategies were implemented to achieve zero dose wastage despite restrictive session constraints and online-only booking complexities. Key interventions included a "Zero Tolerance to Dose Wastage" policy, on-site beneficiary confirmation, and extended hours. By utilizing low dead space syringes, the centre extracted 11–12 doses per 10-dose vial, surpassing standard expectations. A systematic protocol for refilling leftover slots ensured maximum vial utilization. Between May and June 2021, 1,221 individuals were vaccinated—exceeding the 1,100 published slots—by accommodating 168 additional beneficiaries through dedicated outreach. The centre enhanced equity by providing digital booking support for underserved populations and achieved a peak throughput of 371 vaccinations in six hours. Ultimately, 41,500 doses were administered across 595 sessions, saving ₹528,750 through optimization. This framework, anchored by the principle "One Dose Equivalent to One Life," provides a replicable model for sustainable public health impacts during crises amidst the ensuing pandemic.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr Gopal Ashish Sharma, Dr Vineet Lakhanpal , Prof. Dr Anmol Gupta, Dr Prem Chauhan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0