The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Developing Nations: Emerging Mental Health Challenges and Interventions

Authors

  • Flavia Sharlet Noronha Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9997-5921
  • Sanju Pant Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0649-3339
  • Renjulal Yesodharan Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7207-1129
  • Asha K Nayak Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka
  • Rochelle Jane Dsa Carleton Clinic, Carlisle, United Kingdom https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3786-7436

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2021.v33i03.002

Keywords:

Covid19, Mental Health, Pandemic, Suicide, Violence

Abstract

The world is facing an unprecedented challenge of the 21st century in the form of COVID-19 outbreak. People across the culture, race, ethnicity, socio-economic background are being affected by the rippling effects of this pandemic. The aim of this narrative review is to briefly describe the impact of the pandemic on mental health, the vicious cycle of social issues and psychological health caused and aggravated by the Covid-19 pandemic. We also aim to highlight certain interventions to overcome the mental health challenges posed by the pandemic. For this purpose, a thorough search of all databases was done to gather articles relevant to the objective of this narrative review. Keywords were used in combination and separately to identify the articles on the various psychosocial issues caused by the pandemic. Published articles in various databases like Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed etc., related to psychosocial effects due to COVID-19 were searched and summarized to justify and support the objective of this paper. The coming months will reveal the extent of damage this pandemic has caused to the socio-economic and health sectors across the globe. It is crucial to recognize the psychosocial impact of this pandemic and necessitate the measures to overcome them by mobilizing the resources we have at hand.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Wang X, Zhou Q, He Y, Liu L, Ma X, Wei X, et al. Nosocomial outbreak of COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Eur Respir J [Internet]. 2020;55(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00544-2020 . (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Wan William. Coronavirus is causing a historic rise in mental health problems, experts warn - The Washington Post. Washington Post. 2020; Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/05/04/mental-health-coronavirus/. Accessed on 25/09/2021

WHO/Europe. Mental health and COVID-19 [Internet]. World Health Organization. World Health Organization; 2020. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/technical-guidance/mental-health-and-covid-19. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Greg E. The Spanish Flu Pandemic and Mental Health: A Historical Perspective | Psychiatric Times [Internet]. Psychiatric Times. 2020. Available from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/coronavirus/spanish-flu-pandemic-and-mental-health-historical-perspective. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Pathare S. Suicide Cases during Corona Lockdown in India: Is There a Rise in Suicides in the COVID-19 Lockdown? An Expert Answers, Suicide Myths Debunked [Internet]. Quint. 2020. Available from: https://fit.thequint.com/mind-it/rise-in-suicides-in-the-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown-expert-answers. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Rajkumar RP. Suicides related to the COVID-19 outbreak in India: A pilot study of media reports. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;53:102196. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274089/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Pathare S, Vijayakumar L, Fernandes TN, Shastri M, Kapoor A, Pandit D, et al. Analysis of news media reports of suicides and attempted suicides during the COVID-19 lockdown in India. Int J Ment Health Syst 2020;14(1):88. Available from: https://ijmhs.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13033-020-00422-2. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Panigrahi M, Pattnaik JI, Padhy SK, Menon V, Patra S, Rina K, et al. COVID-19 and suicides in India: A pilot study of reports in the media and scientific literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;57:102560. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC7804380/ (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Mamun MA, Akter T, Zohra F, Sakib N, Bhuiyan AKMI, Banik PC, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of COVID-19 suicidal behavior in Bangladeshi population: are healthcare professionals at greater risk? Heliyon. 2020;6(10):e05259.

Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw open. 2020;3(3):e203976. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Wu P, Fang Y, Guan Z, Fan B, Kong J, Yao Z, et al. The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. Can J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2009;54(5):302–11. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19497162/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Mahesh V. Unemployment range shoots out of range [Internet]. Mumbai; 2020. Available from: https://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=warticle&dt=2020-04-07 08:26:04&msec=770. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Panchal N, Kamal R, Orgera K, Cox C, Garfield R, Hamel L, et al. The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use | KFF [Internet]. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2020. Available from: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Bhat MA, Joshi J. Impact of Unemployment on the Mental Health of Youth in the Kashmir Valley. J Psychol Psychother. 2020;10(372).

Navarro-Abal Y, Climent-Rodríguez JA, López-López MJ, Gómez-Salgado J. Psychological coping with job loss. Empirical study to contribute to the development of unemployed people. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6122016/?report=abstract. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Summer A, Ortiz-Juarez E, Hoy C. Precarity and the pandemic: Covid-19 and poverty incidence, intensity and severity in developing countries, UN-WIDER working paper 2020/77. 2020. Available from: https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/precarity-and-pandemic. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Lund C, Breen A, Flisher AJ, Kakuma R, Corrigall J, Joska JA, et al. Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(3):517–28. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20621748/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Sapkal RS, Shandilya D, Majumdar K, Chakraborty R, Suresh KT. Workers in the time of Covid-19. 2020. Available from: www.actionaidindia.org@company/actionaidindia. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Jagriti C. NCW records sharp spike in domestic violence amid lockdown. The Hindu. 2020. Available from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ncw-records-sharp-spike-in-domestic-violence-amid-lockdown/article31835105.ece. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395(10227):912–20.

Aassve A, Alfani G, Gandolfi F, Le Moglie M. Epidemics and Trust: The Case of the Spanish Flu Epidemics and Trust: The Case of the Spanish Flu $. Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research; 2020. Available from: http://www.igier.unibocconi.it. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Williams SN, Armitage CJ, Tampe T, Dienes K. Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A UK-based focus group study. medRxiv 2020.04.10.20061267; doi: doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.10.20061267.

The surge in working from home: The effects on mental well-being. UK; 2020. Available from: https://www.opinium.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-surge-in-working-from-home-The-effects-on-mental-wellbeing-1.pdf. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Deane FP, Capp K, Jones C, de Ramirez D, Lambert G, Marlow B, et al. Two-Year Follow-Up of a Community Gatekeeper Suicide Prevention Program in an Aboriginal Community. Aust J Rehabil Couns [Internet]. 2006;12(1):33–6. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1323892200020044/type/journal_article. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Maulik PK, Kallakuri S, Devarapalli S, Vadlamani VK, Jha V, Patel A. Increasing use of mental health services in remote areas using mobile technology: a pre-post evaluation of the SMART Mental Health project in rural India. J Glob Health. 2017;7(1):010408. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28400954. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL. Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on health care workers [Internet]. Vol. 192, CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association; 2020 :E459–60. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7207194/. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Krystal JH, McNeil RL. Responding to the hidden pandemic for healthcare workers: stress. Nat Med [Internet]. 2020;26(5):639. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0878-4. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Dham P, Gupta N, Alexander J, Black W, Rajji T, Skinner E. Community based telepsychiatry service for older adults residing in a rural and remote region- utilization pattern and satisfaction among stakeholders. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):316. Available from: https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-018-1896-3. (Accessed on 25/09/2021)

Gigantesco A, Del Re D, Cascavilla I, Palumbo G, De Mei B, Cattaneo C, et al. A universal mental health promotion programme for young people in Italy. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015.

Srikala B, Kishore Kumar K V. Empowering adolescents with life skills education in schools-School mental health program: Does it work. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010;52(4):344–9.

Patalay P, Giese L, Stankovi? M, Curtin C, Moltrecht B, Gondek D. Mental health provision in schools: priority, facilitators and barriers in 10 European countries. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2016;21(3):139–47. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/camh.12160. (Accessed on 25/09/2021).

Parikh R, Michelson D, Sapru M, Sahu R, Singh A, Cuijpers P, et al. Priorities and preferences for school-based mental health services in India: a multi-stakeholder study with adolescents, parents, school staff, and mental health providers. Glob Ment Heal. 2019;6:1–12. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6737585/?report=abstract. (Accessed on 25/09/2021).

Downloads

Published

2021-09-30

How to Cite

1.
Noronha F, Pant S, Yesodharan R, Nayak A, Dsa R. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Developing Nations: Emerging Mental Health Challenges and Interventions. Indian J Community Health [Internet]. 2021 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 May 20];33(3):419-23. Available from: http://iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/2167

Issue

Section

Review Article