Socio-economic Correlates of Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure and Contraceptive Use by Reproductive age-group Females
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2022.v34i02.020Keywords:
Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, Contraceptives Oral, Analysis of VarianceAbstract
Background: Oral Contraceptive use, BP and BMI are strongly associated variables in terms of socio economic conditions. Oral Contraceptives are an important and widely accepted contraceptive modality used throughout the world. Aim & Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of socio-economic factors on Body Mass Index (BMI), Blood pressure (BP) and contraceptive use by reproductive age-group females of Uttarakhand. Settings and Design: This study utilizes nationwide data from the Fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-IV). Methods and Material: Information was collected from Indian Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai and 17,300 women of Uttarakhand were considered for this study. Statistical analysis used: For inter age-group comparisons of blood pressure, BMI and socio-demographic indicators, analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique has been used. Results: The variation in mean age at menarche was found to be significant (p< 0.01, ANOVA). The numbers of live births over the women's total lifetime were lower in the younger age groups (p<0.01, ANOVA). Conclusions: The important findings of present study were that the use of contraceptive tended to have increased BMI and elevated blood pressure, even though the magnitude of these was little (equal to 4% and 40% respectively).
Downloads
References
Abebe SM, Berhane Y, Worku A, & Getachew A. Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension: A Cross-sectional Community based study in Northwest Ethiopia. PloS one, 2018 10(4), e0125210.
Benagiano G, Bastianelli, C, & Farris M. Contraception today. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2006, 1092(1):1-32.
Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Manson JE, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Curhan G et al. Prospective study of oral contraceptives and hypertension among women in the United States. Circulation, 1996, 94(3):483-489
Cole, TJ, Bellizzi, MC, Flegal, KM, & Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. Bmj, 2000, 320(7244), 1240.
Cole, TJ, Flegal, KM, Nicholls D, & Jackson AA. Body mass index cut offs to define thinness in children and adolescents: international survey. Bmj, 2007, 335(7612), 194.
Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies on Endometrial Cancer. Endometrial cancer and oral contraceptives: an individual participant meta- analysis of 27276 women with endometrial cancer from 36 epidemiological studies. Lancet Oncol. 2015, 16:1061-1070.
Daniels K, & Abma JC. Current contraceptive status among women aged 15-49: United States, 2015-2017. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2018.
El-Hazmi M, & Warsy A. Relationship between age and the prevalence of obesity and overweight in Saudi population. Bahrain Medical Bulletin, 2002, 24(2):1-7.
Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Carayon F, Schulz KF, & Helmerhorst FM. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014, (1).
Havrilesky LJ, Moorman PG, Lowery WJ, Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia, RP et al.Oral contraceptive pills as primary prevention for ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2013, 122(1):139-147.
Indian Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and MoHFW. National Family Health Survey - 4. 2017. Available from: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/India.pdf . Accessed June 25, 2012 .
James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J et al. Evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Jama, 2014, 311(5):507-520.
Lubianca JN, & Faccin CS. Oral contraceptives: a risk factor for uncontrolled blood pressure among hypertensive women. Contraception, 2003, 67(1):19-24.
Maguire K, Westhoff C. The state of hormonal contraception today: established and emerging non contraceptive health benefits. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2011, 205(4):S4-S8.
Mishel JD. Oral contraception: past, present, and future perspectives. International Journal of Fertility, 1991, 36:7-18.
Nagai M, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, Ohmori-Matsuda K, Sugawara Y, Sone T et al. Effect of age on the association between body mass index and all-cause mortality: the Ohsaki cohort study. Journal of epidemiology, 2010, 1008030181-1008030181.
Oelkers WK. Effects of estrogens and progestogens on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure. Steroids, 1996, 61(4):166-171.
Shufelt CL, & Merz C NB. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009, 53(3):221-231.
Singh S, Shankar R, & Singh GP. Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension: a cross-sectional study in urban Varanasi. International journal of hypertension, 2017.
Srisupandit S, Kumar TA, Egnerova A, Gomez-Alzuguray M, Perez-Paz M, Andolsek L, . & Wong PC. The WHO multicentre trial of the vasopressor effects of combined oral contraceptives: 1. Comparisons with IUD. Task force on oral contraceptives.1989.
Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz L, & Nikniaz Z. Prevalence and associated factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian Population: The Lifestyle Promotion Project (LPP). PloS one, 2016. 11(10), e0165264.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for obesity in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pediatrics, 2010, 125(2):361-367.
Wei W, Li Y, Chen F, Chen C, Sun T, Sun Z, et al. Dyslipidaemia, combined oral contraceptives use and their interaction on the risk of hypertension in Chinese women. Journal of human hypertension. 2011;25(6), 364.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Indian Journal of Community Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
