Atmospheric Variability and Prevalence of Common Psychiatric Disorders in South Asia: A Meta-regressive Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2019.v31i03.002Keywords:
Atmospheric Variability, Mental Disorders, Southern AsiaAbstract
Background: The review of literature suggests that there is a dearth of meta-analytical study that examines the role of Atmospheric Variability on the prevalence of mental disorders in South Asia. Aims &Objectives: Therefore, the present study explores the moderating role of variability in temperature, air pressure, humidity, and rainfall on the prevalence of Common Psychiatric Disorders in South Asia. Material & Methods: Databases of several web sources, namely, EBSCOhost, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar were explored for the studies that had previously observed the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in South Asian countries. Further, articles were also examined manually. Initially, geographical locations (i.e. latitude, longitude, and altitude) of surveyed places were determined. Based on these locations, historical atmospheric data were retrieved. Meta-regression analysis was computed using R –software with ‘metafor’ package. Results: The present Meta-analysis included 32 epidemiological studies consisting of 110402 persons reported a total morbidity in 7935 persons across seven countries of South Asia. Yearly rainfall (z=2.8260, p<0.01), yearly variability in temperature (z=3.7160, p<0.001), yearly variability in humidity (z= -2.4031, p<0.05) appear to have a significant influence on the prevailing patterns of common psychiatric disorders. However, yearly variability in atmospheric pressure did not have a significant influence on the prevalence of mental disorders (z= 1.0364, p>0.300). Conclusion: Discomfort weather conditions such as yearly temperature variability, excessive rainfall, and yearly variability in humidity have a significant role in the occurrence and maintenance of different psychiatric disorders in South Asia.
Downloads
References
Brower JE, Zar JH, von Ende C. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 1998.
Muthukumara S.; Limin Wang. 2014. Climate Change and Health Impacts : How Vulnerable is Bangladesh and What Needs to be Done?. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/ 10986/21820 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21820
Niranjan V, Kumar, M.D., Bassi, N. Climate variability in South Asia. Hyderabad, India: SaciWATERS and IRAP; 2014.
Harris IPDJ, Jones, P. D., Osborn, T. J., & Lister, D. H. Updated high-resolution grids of monthly observations - the CRU TS3.10 Dataset. International Journal of Climatology. 2014;34(3):20. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3711
Revadekar J, Hameed S, Collins D, Manton M, Sheikh M, Borgaonkar H, et al. Impact of altitude and latitude on changes in temperature extremes over South Asia during 1971–2000. International Journal of Climatology. 2013;33(1):199-209. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1002/joc.3418/abstract
Paul A-L, Ferl RJ. The biology of low atmospheric pressure--implications for exploration mission design and advanced life support. Gravitational and Space Research. 2007;19(2).
Kjellstrom T. Climate change, direct heat exposure, health and well-being in low and middle-income countries. Global Health Action. 2009;2. https://dx.doi.org/10.3402%2Fgha.v2i0.1958
Ramsey JD. Task performance in heat: a review. Ergonomics. 1995;38(1):154-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139508925092
Kjellstrom T, Gabrysch S, Lemke B, Dear K. The ‘Hothaps’ programme for assessing climate change impacts on occupational health and productivity: an invitation to carry out field studies. Global Health Action. 2009;2(1):2082. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v2i0.2082
Gururaj G VM, Benegal V, Rao GN, Pathak K, Singh LK, Mehta RY, Ram D, Shibukumar TM, Kokane A, Lenin Singh RK, Chavan BS, Sharma P, Ramasubramanian C, Dalal PK, SahaPK ,Deuri SP, Giri AK, Kavishvar AB, Sinha VK, Thavody J, Chatterji R, Akoijam BS, Das S, Kashyap A, Ragavan VS, Singh SK, Misra R and NMHS collaborators group. National Mental Health Survey of India, 2015-16: Prevalence, Patterns and Outcomes Bengaluru: National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, 2016 129.
Ranjan JK, Asthana, H.S. . Prevalence of Mental Disorders in India and Other South Asian Countries. . Asian Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;10(2):9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aje.2017.45.53
Hossain MD, Ahmed HU, Chowdhury WA, Niessen LW, Alam DS. Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review. BMC psychiatry. 2014;14(1):216. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-014-0216-9
Khattri J, Poudel B, Thapa P, Godar S, Tirkey S, Ramesh K, et al. An epidemiological study of psychiatric cases in a rural community of nepal. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;2(1):52-6. https://doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i1.7654
Tausig M, Subedi S, Subedi J, Ross J, Broughton L, Singh R, et al. Mental illness in Jiri Nepal. The Jirel. 2000(2000):105-15.
Upadhyaya K, Pol K. A mental health prevalence survey in two developing towns of western region. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2003;42(150):328-30.
Mumford DB, Nazir M, Baig IY. Stress and psychiatric disorder in the Hindu Kush: a community survey of mountain villages in Chitral, Pakistan. The British journal of psychiatry. 1996;168(3):299-307. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.3.299
Mumford DB, Saeed K, Ahmad I, Latif S, Mubbashar MH. Stress and psychiatric disorder in rural Punjab: a community survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1997;170(5):473-8. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.5.473
Mumford DB, Minhas FA, Akhtar I, Akhter S, Mubbashar MH. Stress and psychiatric disorder in urban Rawalpindi: community survey. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;177(6):557-62. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.6.557
Cho SE, Na KS, Cho SJ, Im JS, Kang SG. Geographical and temporal variations in the prevalence of mental disorders in suicide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016 Jan 15;190:704-713. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.008. Epub 2015 Nov 10. Review. PubMed PMID: 26600412.[PubMed]
Moos RH. The human context: Environmental determinants of behavior. 1975. http://hdl.handle.net/10822/770004
Howarth E, Hoffman MS. A multidimensional approach to the relationship between mood and weather. British Journal of Psychology. 1984;75(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1984.tb02785.x
Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T. Climate change and mental health: a causal pathways framework. International journal of public health. 2010;55(2):123-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0112-0
Ding N, Berry HL, Bennett CM. The importance of humidity in the relationship between heat and population mental health: Evidence from Australia. PloS one. 2016;11(10):e0164190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0164190
Anderson CA, Anderson KB. Temperature and aggression: Paradox, controversy, and a (fairly) clear picture. Human aggression: Elsevier; 1998. p. 247-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012278805-5/50011-0
Thompson R, Hornigold R, Page L, Waite T. Associations between high ambient temperatures and heat waves with mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Public health. 2018;161:171-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.06.008
Lee H-C, Tsai S-Y, Lin H-C. Seasonal variations in bipolar disorder admissions and the association with climate: a population-based study. Journal of affective disorders. 2007;97(1-3):61-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.06.026
Bulbena A, Pailhez G, Acena R, Cunillera J, Rius A, Garcia-Ribera C, et al. Panic anxiety, under the weather? International Journal of Biometeorology. 2005;49(4):238-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-004-0236-0
myVolpe FM, Tavares A, Del Porto JA. Seasonality of three dimensions of mania: psychosis, aggression and suicidality. Journal of affective disorders. 2008;108(1-2):95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.09.014
Surya N, Datta S, Krishna G, Sundaram D, Kutty J. Mental morbidity in Pondicherry. Transaction-4, Bangalore: All India Institute of Mental Health. 1964:50-61.
Sethi B, Gupta S, Kumar R. 300 urban families. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1967;9(4):280.
Dube K. A study of prevalence and biosocial variables in mental illness in a rural and an urban community in Uttar Pradesh—India. Acta PsychiatricaScandinavica. 1970;46(4):327-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1970.tb02124.x
Elnagar M, Maitra P, Rao M. Mental health in an Indian rural community. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1971;118(546):499-503. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.118.546.499
Sethi B, Gupta S, Kumar R, Promila K. A psychiatric survey of 500 rural families. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1972;14(2):183. http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article .asp?issn=0019-5545;year=1972;volume=14;issue=2;spag e=183;epage=196;aulast=Sethi;type=0
Verghese A, Beig A, Senseman L, Rao S, Benjamin V. A social and psychiatric study of a representative group of families in Vellore town. The Indian journal of medical research. 1973;61(4):608. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4752395
Sethi B, Gupta S, Mahendru R, Kumari P. Mental health and urban life: a study of 850 families. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1974;124(580):243-6. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.124.3.243
Thacore V, Gupta S, Suraiya M. Psychiatric morbidity in a north Indian community. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1975;126(4):364-9. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.126.4.364
Nandi D, Ajmany S, Ganguli H, Banerjee G, Boral G, Ghosh A, et al. Psychiatric disorders in a rural community in West Bengal An epidemiological study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1975;17(2):87. http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=1975;volume=17;issue=2;spage=87;epage=99;aulast=Nandi;type=0
Nandi D, Mukherjee S, Boral G, Banerjee G, Ghosh A, Ajmany S, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in two tribal communities in certain villages of West Bengal-a cross cultural study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 1977;19(3):2. http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org/article.asp?issn=0019-5545;year=1977;volume=19;issue=3;spage=2;epage=12;aulast=nandi;type=0
Nandi D, Banerjee G, Boral G, Ganguli H, Ghosh A, Sarkar S. Socio?economic status and prevalence of mental disorders in certain rural communities in India. Acta psychiatricascandinavica. 1979;59(3):276-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1979.tb06967.x
Shah AV, Goswami UA, Maniar RC, Hajariwala DC, Sinha BK. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in ahmedabad (an epidemiological study). Indian J Psychiatry. 1980 Oct;22(4):384-9. PubMed PMID: 22058505; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3013608.[PubMed]
Mehta P, Joseph A, Verghese A. An epidemiologic study of psychiatric disorders in a rural area in tamilnadu. Indian J Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;27(2):153-8. PubMed PMID: 21927091; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3011148.[PubMed]
Sachdeva JS, Singh S, Sidhu BS, Goyal RK, Singh J. An epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders in rural faridkot (punjab). Indian J Psychiatry. 1986 Oct;28(4):317-23. PubMed PMID: 21927196; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3172520.[PubMed]
Premarajan KC, Danabalan M, Chandrasekar R, Srinivasa DK. Prevalence of psychiatry morbidity in an urban community of pondicherry. Indian J Psychiatry. 1993 Apr;35(2):99-102. PubMed PMID: 21743611; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2978480.[PubMed]
Shaji S, Verghese A, Promodu K, George B, Shibu VP. Prevalence of priority psychiatric disorders in a rural area in kerala. Indian J Psychiatry. 1995 Apr;37(2):91-6. PubMed PMID: 21743722; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2971473.[PubMed]
Nandi D, Banerjee G, Mukherjee S, Ghosh A, Nandi P, Nandi S. Psychiatric morbidity of a rural Indian community: Changes over a 20-year interval. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2000;176(4):351-6. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.176.4.351
Sharma S, Singh M. Prevalence of mental disorders: An epidemiological study In Goa. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;43(2):118-26.
Deswal BS, Pawar A. An epidemiological study of mental disorders at Pune, Maharashtra. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. 2012;37(2):116. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0970-0218.96097
Rao TS, Darshan, M. S., Tandon, A., Raman, R., Karthik, K. N., Saraswathi, N., Das, K., Harsha, G. T., Krishna, V. S. T., & Ashok, N. C. Suttur study: An epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders in South Indian rural population. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014;56(3):9. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.140618
Chowdhury AK, Alam MN, Ali SM. Dasherkandi project studies. Demography, morbidity and mortality in a rural community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 1981 Jun;7(1):22-39. PubMed PMID: 7347602.[PubMed]
Islam MM, Ali M, Ferroni P, Underwood P, Alam MF. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an urban community in Bangladesh. General hospital psychiatry. 2003;25(5):353-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-8343(03)00067-7
Karim E, Alam M, Rahman A, Hussain A, Uddin M, Firoz A. Prevalence of mental illness in the community. TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association. 2006;19(1):18-23. https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v19i1.3163
Firoz A, Karim M, Alam M, Rahman A, Zaman M. Prevalence, medical care, awareness and attitude towards mental illness in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Psychiatry. 2006;20(1):9-36.
Hosain GM, Chatterjee N, Ara N, Islam T. Prevalence, pattern and determinants of mental disorders in rural Bangladesh. Public Health. 2007;121(1):18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.018
Wijesinghe C, Dissanayake S, Dassanayake P. Survey of psychiatric morbidity in a semi?urban population in Sri Lanka. Acta PsychiatricaScandinavica. 1978;58(5):413-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb03573.x
Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of statistical software. 2010;36(3).
Freeman MF, Tukey JW. Transformations related to the angular and the square root. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 1950:607-11. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177729756
Hedges LV, Vevea JL. Fixed-and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychological methods. 1998;3(4):486. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.486
Sterne JA, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2001;54(10):1046-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00377-8
Sivamohan MVK. Socio-economic and health impacts of climate variability, particularly droughts and floods in South Asia. Hyderabad, India: SaciWATERs& IRAP; 2014.
Sivakumar MVK, &Stefanski, R. Climate change in South Asia. R. Lal MVKS, S. M. A. Faiz, A. H. M. Rahman, & K. R. Islam, editor. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer; 2011.
Briere J, Downes A, Spensley J. Summer in the city: Urban weather conditions and psychiatric emergency-room visits. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1983;92(1):77. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-843X.92.1.77
Sarrias MJ, Artigas F, Martínez E, Gelpí E. Seasonal changes of plasma serotonin and related parameters: correlation with environmental measures. Biological psychiatry. 1989;26(7):695-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(89)90104-2
Yackerson NS, Zilberman A, Todder D, Kaplan Z. The influence of several changes in atmospheric states over semi-arid areas on the incidence of mental health disorders. International journal of biometeorology. 2011;55(3):403-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-010-0350-0
Nock MK, Hwang I, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular psychiatry. 2010;15(8):868. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.29
Jaillard AS, Mazetti P, Kala E. Prevalence of migraine and headache in a high?altitude town of Peru: a population?based study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 1997;37(2):95-101. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.1997.3702095.x
Roth WT, Gomolla A, Meuret AE, Alpers GW, Handke EM, Wilhelm FH. High altitudes, anxiety, and panic attacks: is there a relationship? Depression and anxiety. 2002;16(2):51-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10059
Brenner B, Cheng D, Clark S, Camargo Jr CA. Positive association between altitude and suicide in 2584 US counties. High altitude medicine & biology. 2011;12(1):31-5. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2010.1058
Haws CA, Gray DD, Yurgelun-Todd DA, Moskos M, Meyer LJ, Renshaw PF. The possible effect of altitude on regional variation in suicide rates. Medical hypotheses. 2009;73(4):587-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.05.040
Control CfD, Prevention. Regional variations in suicide rates--United States, 1990-1994. MMWR: Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 1997;46(34):789-93. http://www.hathitrust.org/
Crosby A, Gfroerer J, Han B, Ortega L, Parks SE. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adults aged> ?18 Years--United States, 2008-2009: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and …; 2011.
Friborg O, Rosenvinge JH, Wynn R, Gradisar M. Sleep timing, chronotype, mood, and behavior at an Arctic latitude (69 N). Sleep medicine. 2014;15(7):798-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.03.014
Arns M, Van der Heijden, K.B., Arnold, L.E., &Kenemans, J.L. Geographic variation in the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the sunny perspective. Biological psychiatry. 2013;59(4). https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1087054715599574
Ahmed AU, Hassan SR, Etzold B, Neelormi S. Rainfall, food security, and human mobility: case study Bangladesh. 2012. http://ehs.unu.edu/article/read/rainfall-food-security-and-human-mobility-bangladesh
Conway G. The science of climate change in Africa: impacts and adaptation. Grantham Institute for Climate Change Discussion Paper. 2009;1:24.
Lester D. The climate of urban areas in the United States and their rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide). Death studies. 1991;15(6):611-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481189108252549
Bulbena A, Sperry L, Pailhez G, Cunillera J. Panic attacks: Weather and season sensitivity. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2007;61(1):129-https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01623.x
Griffit W, Veitch R. Hot and crowded: Influence of population density and temperature on interpersonal affective behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1971;17(1):92. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0030458
Palamarek DL, Rule BG. The effects of ambient temperature and insult on the motivation to retaliate or escape. Motivation and Emotion. 1979;3(1):83-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00994163
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Indian Journal of Community Health
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
